As cancer cells metastasize, they navigate a highly restrictive tumor microenvironment that subjects them to severe mechanical stress. These physical forces actively deform the cell nucleus and represent a major threat to genomic integrity. Cells use specialized mechanosensors to promote dynamic structural adaptations to survive such hostile conditions. The Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase is best known for its canonical role in the DNA damage response, but recent studies indicate that it also rapidly localizes to the nuclear envelope during mechanical forces, independent of the DNA damage response, to protect nuclear integrity under mechanical load. However, the mechanisms underlying this protective response remain largely unknown. The present study addresses this issue by identifying a novel mechanobiology pathway through which ATR regulates nuclear envelope mechanics. By employing a quantitative phosphoproteomic screen of cells under mechanical compression, we identified the inner nuclear membrane protein Emerin as a key downstream effector of a compression-induced ATR-dependent signaling cascade. We demonstrated that mechanical stress induces ATR-dependent phosphorylation of Emerin at two key residues, Serine 49 and Serine 171. Using co-immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated that the physical interaction between Emerin and BAF is significantly reduced after mechanical compression, but this interaction is maintained upon ATR inhibition. To investigate the functional consequences of these modifications, we used a Tet-ON inducible system for shRNA expression to knock down endogenous Emerin and introduced phospho-mutant constructs. Mutations at these two specific sites were observed to induce structural changes, confirming that phosphorylation destabilizes Emerin’s structural role. Ultimately, this biochemical modification acts as a mechanosensory switch to release BAF-tethered heterochromatin from the nuclear lamina. This transient uncoupling relieves the internal structural tension, providing the nucleus with the flexibility to safely absorb extreme physical deformation without catastrophic membrane rupture. This ATR-Emerin-BAF axis is a fundamental mechanism of nuclear mechanobiology and offers a key insight into how cells actively remodel their chromatin architecture to withstand the complex biomechanical challenges of the tumor microenvironment
Durante il processo di metastatizzazione, le cellule tumorali attraversano un microambiente tumorale altamente restrittivo che le sottopone a un severo stress meccanico. Queste forze fisiche deformano attivamente il nucleo cellulare e rappresentano una grave minaccia per l’integrità genomica. Per sopravvivere a tali condizioni ostili, le cellule utilizzano meccanosensori specializzati al fine di promuovere adattamenti strutturali dinamici. La chinasi ATR (Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-related) è nota principalmente per il suo ruolo canonico nella risposta al danno del DNA, ma studi recenti indicano che, in presenza di forze meccaniche, essa si localizza rapidamente anche a livello dell’involucro nucleare, indipendentemente dalla risposta al danno del DNA, per proteggere l’integrità nucleare sotto carico meccanico. Tuttavia, i meccanismi alla base di questa risposta protettiva rimangono in gran parte sconosciuti. Il presente studio affronta questa problematica identificando una nuova via di meccanobiologia attraverso la quale l’ATR regola la meccanica dell’involucro nucleare. Impiegando uno screening fosfoproteomico quantitativo su cellule sottoposte a compressione meccanica, abbiamo identificato la proteina della membrana nucleare interna Emerina come un effettore a valle chiave di una cascata dipendente dall’ATR e indotta dalla compressione. Abbiamo dimostrato che lo stress meccanico induce la fosforilazione dipendente dall’ATR dell’Emerina in due residui chiave: la Serina 49 e la Serina 171. Tramite co-immunoprecipitazione, abbiamo dimostrato che l’interazione fisica tra l’Emerina e il BAF si riduce significativamente in seguito a compressione meccanica, ma tale interazione viene mantenuta inibendo l’ATR. Per indagare le conseguenze funzionali di queste modificazioni, abbiamo utilizzato un sistema inducibile Tet-ON per l’espressione di shRNA al fine di silenziare l’Emerina endogena e abbiamo introdotto costrutti fosfo-mutanti. È stato osservato che le mutazioni in questi due siti specifici inducono alterazioni strutturali, confermando che la fosforilazione destabilizza il ruolo strutturale dell’Emerina. In definitiva, questa modificazione biochimica agisce come un interruttore meccanosensoriale per rilasciare l’eterocromatina ancorata al BAF dalla lamina nucleare. Questo disaccoppiamento transitorio allevia la tensione strutturale interna, fornendo al nucleo la flessibilità necessaria per assorbire in modo sicuro deformazioni fisiche estreme senza incorrere in una rottura catastrofica della membrana. Questo asse ATR-Emerina-BAF rappresenta un meccanismo fondamentale della meccanobiologia nucleare e offre una prospettiva chiave su come le cellule rimodellino attivamente l’architettura della loro cromatina per resistere alle complesse sfide biomeccaniche del microambiente tumorale.
Fosforilazione dell’emerina ATR-dipendente come interruttore meccanosensoriale che regola l’accoppiamento involucro nucleare-cromatina
ZARMEHR, SHADI
2025/2026
Abstract
As cancer cells metastasize, they navigate a highly restrictive tumor microenvironment that subjects them to severe mechanical stress. These physical forces actively deform the cell nucleus and represent a major threat to genomic integrity. Cells use specialized mechanosensors to promote dynamic structural adaptations to survive such hostile conditions. The Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase is best known for its canonical role in the DNA damage response, but recent studies indicate that it also rapidly localizes to the nuclear envelope during mechanical forces, independent of the DNA damage response, to protect nuclear integrity under mechanical load. However, the mechanisms underlying this protective response remain largely unknown. The present study addresses this issue by identifying a novel mechanobiology pathway through which ATR regulates nuclear envelope mechanics. By employing a quantitative phosphoproteomic screen of cells under mechanical compression, we identified the inner nuclear membrane protein Emerin as a key downstream effector of a compression-induced ATR-dependent signaling cascade. We demonstrated that mechanical stress induces ATR-dependent phosphorylation of Emerin at two key residues, Serine 49 and Serine 171. Using co-immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated that the physical interaction between Emerin and BAF is significantly reduced after mechanical compression, but this interaction is maintained upon ATR inhibition. To investigate the functional consequences of these modifications, we used a Tet-ON inducible system for shRNA expression to knock down endogenous Emerin and introduced phospho-mutant constructs. Mutations at these two specific sites were observed to induce structural changes, confirming that phosphorylation destabilizes Emerin’s structural role. Ultimately, this biochemical modification acts as a mechanosensory switch to release BAF-tethered heterochromatin from the nuclear lamina. This transient uncoupling relieves the internal structural tension, providing the nucleus with the flexibility to safely absorb extreme physical deformation without catastrophic membrane rupture. This ATR-Emerin-BAF axis is a fundamental mechanism of nuclear mechanobiology and offers a key insight into how cells actively remodel their chromatin architecture to withstand the complex biomechanical challenges of the tumor microenvironment| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/36666