Gelsolin amyloidosis (AGel) is a rare multisystemic disorder caused by mutations in the gelsolin gene. Clinical presentation is heterogeneous and often includes peripheral neuropathy, muscle weakness, and cardiac or renal involvement. The first identified and the most common mutation responsible for gelsolin amyloidosis is the single-point substitution D187N of plasma gelsolin, which make the second gelsolin domain (G2) susceptible to aberrant proteolysis. The G2 fragments are amyloid-prone as they include a highly amyloidogenic sequence, spanning residues 182-192, known as the gelsolin amyloidogenic core (GAC₁₈₂₋₁₉₂), which in the folded domain pairs in an antiparallel fashion with the flanking sequence 194-204₄. In the search for potential inhibitors of the amyloid aggregation underlying AGel pathology, selective peptide-mimetics were designed to interfere with the formation of amyloidogenic aggregates in the tissues of AGel patients, starting from the localization and interactions of the amyloidogenic GAC sequence. The binding of the peptidomimetics to the GAC sequence, could indeed avoid the aberrant protein-protein interactions underlying the aggregation process. The best performing peptidomimetic inhibitor, LB6, consisted of two arms, N185–L191 and H198–N204, joined by a non-natural piperidine–pyrrolidine β-turn inducer. LB6 suppresses the aggregation of GAC₁₈₂₋₁₉₂ and of the isolated D187N G2 domain at sub-stoichiometric ratios. It had not yet been established, however, whether LB6 inhibitory activity depends on the preorganization of the molecule into the β-hairpin structure for which it was designed. The aim of this thesis was to addresses this question by solution-state NMR spectroscopy. For LB-6 peptide resonance assignment a full set of NMR spectra, including scalar and dipolar correlation experiments (TOCSY, ROESY, NOESY 1H 13C HSQC) were recorded on natural abundance LB-6 sample at 600 MHz spectrometer equipped with a cryoprobe. Both oxidizing and reducing conditions were investigated to assess the possibility of the formation of an intramolecular Cys188–Cys201 disulfide bridge formation. The absence of short-range inter-strand NOEs in NOESY/ROESY spectra excluded the presence of an intramolecular Cys188-Cys201 disulfide bridge. The full assignment of LB6 peptidic NMR resonances revealed a doubling of the resonances of six residues, namely I190, L191, H198, W200, C201, S203, flanking the piperidine–pyrrolidine linker. This observation was consistent with the existence in solution of two conformational states interconverting in slow exchange on the NMR timescale, arising from the non-peptidic β-turn inducer conformations. H and C secondary chemical shifts were evaluated against four independent random-coil references, highlighting a high degree of flexibility and disorder characterizing both peptide arms and showing that the designed β-hairpin is not populated in solution. NMR data revealed predominantly random-coil behavior, with only a transiently structured segment at the level of residues C201–G202–S203, as derived based on a sign inversion of ΔδHα between C201 and G202 and by large positive ΔδCα values of approximately +7 ppm. The same feature was independently recovered by chemical shift analysis through CheSPI (Chemical shift Secondary structure Population Inference) program, which assigns a non-folded population of about 75% throughout the molecule and a 3₁₀-helical element only at this segment. LB6 thus behaves as a highly flexible, dynamic peptidomimetic with only local, transient structural elements. Its inhibitory activity is unlikely to rest on rigid structural mimicry rather an adaptable ensemble of conformations appears to be the more plausible basis contributing to its ability to interact with misfolded G2 D187N intermediates.
L’amiloidosi da gelsolina (AGel) è una rara patologia multi-sistemica causata da mutazioni nel gene della gelsolina, caratterizzata da manifestazioni cliniche eterogenee che possono includere neuropatia periferica, debolezza muscolare e coinvolgimento cardiaco o renale. La mutazione D187N nella gelsolina plasmatica, rappresenta la prima mutazione identificata e la più comune associata alla malattia. Tale mutazione favorisce l’esposizione del frammento amiloidogenico, noto come gelsolin amyloidogenic core (GAC₁₈₂₋₁₉₂), localizzato nel secondo dominio (G2) dei sei che costituisco la proteina gelsolina. La maggior esposizione di questo frammento favorisce il taglio ad opera di proteasi specifiche e l’aggregazione di frammenti amiloidogenici a formare fibre che si depositano nei tessuti alterandone la funzionalità. Nella ricerca di potenziali inibitori dell’aggregazione amiloide alla base della patologia AGel, sono stati progettati dei peptidomimetici selettivi in grado di interferire con la formazione di aggregati amiloidogenici nei tessuti dei pazienti affetti da AGel, a partire dalla localizzazione e dalle interazioni della sequenza amiloidogenica GAC. Il legame dei peptidomimetici alla sequenza GAC potrebbe infatti impedire le interazioni proteina-proteina alla base del processo di aggregazione.Tra questi, LB6, costituito da due bracci peptidici, N185–L191 e H198–N204 collegati mediante un induttore di β-turn sintetico si è dimostrato il più efficace. LB6 è in grado di inibire l’aggregazione di GAC₁₈₂₋₁₉₂ e del dominio G2 D187N isolato anche a rapporti sub-stechiometrici. Non è tuttavia noto il meccanismo di azione e in particolare se LB6 adotti effettivamente in soluzione la conformazione a β-hairpin per la quale è stato progettato, né se tale struttura sia necessaria per la sua attività antiaggregate.L’obiettivo di questa tesi è stato pertanto quello di caratterizzare la struttura di LB6 in soluzione mediante spettroscopia NMR. A tale scopo è stata effettuata l’assegnazione completa delle risonanze NMR del peptide attraverso l’analisi di una combinazione di esperimenti di correlazione scalare e dipolare, tra cui TOCSY, ROESY, NOESY e ¹H–¹³C HSQC, acquisiti su un campione in abbondanza naturale ad uno spettrometro operante a 600 MHz e dotato di sonda cryo-raffreddata. Il peptidomimetico è stato studiato in condizioni ossidanti e riducenti per verificare la possibile formazione di un ponte disolfuro intramolecolare tra Cys188 e Cys201 che potesse stabilizzare il -hairpin. L’assenza di effetti dipolari negli spettri NOESY e ROESY ha escluso la formazione di tale legame disolfuro tra i due bracci peptidici che potesse essere indicativo della presenza in soluzione di una frazione di peptidomimetico in conformazione -hairpin.L’assegnazione delle risonanze ha inoltre evidenziato la presenza di due sistemi di spin per ciascuno dei residui I190, L191, H198, W200, C201 e S203, localizzati in prossimità del linker piperidina–pirrolidina. Questo fenomeno ha dimostrato la presenza di due stati conformazionali che interconvertono lentamente sulla scala dei tempi del NMR, probabilmente associati alle diverse conformazioni assunte dall’induttore di β-turn non peptidico. L’analisi degli chemical shift secondari di Hα e Cα, calcolati rispetto a quattro differenti liste di chemical shift tipici delle conformazioni random coil, ha fornito importanti informazioni sulla tendenza di LB6 a formare strutture secondarie stabili in soluzione. I risultati evidenziano un marcato carattere flessibile e disordinato di entrambi i bracci peptidici e indicano che il β-hairpin non rappresenta una conformazione significativamente popolata in soluzione. Nel complesso, gli aminoacidi di LB6 sono sostanzialmente in random coil, con la presenza di un solo elemento di struttura locale in corrispondenza dei residui C201–G202–S203.
Caratterizzazione strutturale mediante NMR del peptidomimetico LB6, inibitore dell’aggregazione del dominio G2-D187N della gelsolina, alla base dell’amiloidosi AGel
AMINI, FATEMEH
2025/2026
Abstract
Gelsolin amyloidosis (AGel) is a rare multisystemic disorder caused by mutations in the gelsolin gene. Clinical presentation is heterogeneous and often includes peripheral neuropathy, muscle weakness, and cardiac or renal involvement. The first identified and the most common mutation responsible for gelsolin amyloidosis is the single-point substitution D187N of plasma gelsolin, which make the second gelsolin domain (G2) susceptible to aberrant proteolysis. The G2 fragments are amyloid-prone as they include a highly amyloidogenic sequence, spanning residues 182-192, known as the gelsolin amyloidogenic core (GAC₁₈₂₋₁₉₂), which in the folded domain pairs in an antiparallel fashion with the flanking sequence 194-204₄. In the search for potential inhibitors of the amyloid aggregation underlying AGel pathology, selective peptide-mimetics were designed to interfere with the formation of amyloidogenic aggregates in the tissues of AGel patients, starting from the localization and interactions of the amyloidogenic GAC sequence. The binding of the peptidomimetics to the GAC sequence, could indeed avoid the aberrant protein-protein interactions underlying the aggregation process. The best performing peptidomimetic inhibitor, LB6, consisted of two arms, N185–L191 and H198–N204, joined by a non-natural piperidine–pyrrolidine β-turn inducer. LB6 suppresses the aggregation of GAC₁₈₂₋₁₉₂ and of the isolated D187N G2 domain at sub-stoichiometric ratios. It had not yet been established, however, whether LB6 inhibitory activity depends on the preorganization of the molecule into the β-hairpin structure for which it was designed. The aim of this thesis was to addresses this question by solution-state NMR spectroscopy. For LB-6 peptide resonance assignment a full set of NMR spectra, including scalar and dipolar correlation experiments (TOCSY, ROESY, NOESY 1H 13C HSQC) were recorded on natural abundance LB-6 sample at 600 MHz spectrometer equipped with a cryoprobe. Both oxidizing and reducing conditions were investigated to assess the possibility of the formation of an intramolecular Cys188–Cys201 disulfide bridge formation. The absence of short-range inter-strand NOEs in NOESY/ROESY spectra excluded the presence of an intramolecular Cys188-Cys201 disulfide bridge. The full assignment of LB6 peptidic NMR resonances revealed a doubling of the resonances of six residues, namely I190, L191, H198, W200, C201, S203, flanking the piperidine–pyrrolidine linker. This observation was consistent with the existence in solution of two conformational states interconverting in slow exchange on the NMR timescale, arising from the non-peptidic β-turn inducer conformations. H and C secondary chemical shifts were evaluated against four independent random-coil references, highlighting a high degree of flexibility and disorder characterizing both peptide arms and showing that the designed β-hairpin is not populated in solution. NMR data revealed predominantly random-coil behavior, with only a transiently structured segment at the level of residues C201–G202–S203, as derived based on a sign inversion of ΔδHα between C201 and G202 and by large positive ΔδCα values of approximately +7 ppm. The same feature was independently recovered by chemical shift analysis through CheSPI (Chemical shift Secondary structure Population Inference) program, which assigns a non-folded population of about 75% throughout the molecule and a 3₁₀-helical element only at this segment. LB6 thus behaves as a highly flexible, dynamic peptidomimetic with only local, transient structural elements. Its inhibitory activity is unlikely to rest on rigid structural mimicry rather an adaptable ensemble of conformations appears to be the more plausible basis contributing to its ability to interact with misfolded G2 D187N intermediates.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Master's thesis, September 2026 session
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/36683