Human memory is not a faithful reproduction of experienced events but rather a reconstructive process in which the similarity between pieces of information can contribute to the formation of representations and memories that do not correspond to the actual experience. The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm is a key experimental tool for studying false memories; traditionally, it has investigated this phenomenon using verbal material organized around semantic relationships. The present study examined the possibility of extending this paradigm to the auditory domain, testing whether perceptual similarity between sound events could foster false recognition even in the absence of prior exposure to the critical stimulus. To this end, non-verbal sound stimuli were selected, and their acoustic similarity was quantified using representations derived from a neural network-based computational model. Participants listened to lists of sounds during an encoding phase, followed by a recognition task that included both previously presented stimuli and new ones, specifically, "critical lures" and "unrelated lures." The research hypothesis posited that stimuli acoustically most similar to the previously heard events would be more prone to false recognition and that critical lures would elicit a stronger sense of familiarity than unrelated stimuli. The results were consistent with both predictions. Stimuli with greater acoustic similarity to the encoded items were more frequently recognized as having been previously presented compared to those with less acoustic similarity. Furthermore, although critical lures had never been presented during the encoding phase, they were more likely to be judged as familiar than unrelated lures. Overall, this evidence indicates that acoustic similarity can contribute to the formation of systematic recognition errors, suggesting that the processes underlying false memories are not necessarily contingent upon the presence of linguistic or semantic associations. Consequently, the results extend the literature on the DRM paradigm and contribute to an understanding of memory distortion mechanisms within a non-verbal perceptual domain. In particular, they are consistent with a view of memory as a reconstructive system sensitive to the similarity between representations, one in which the generalization of perceptual information can facilitate both the efficient organization of experience and, under certain conditions, the erroneous attribution of familiarity to events that were never actually experienced. While requiring further verification using larger samples, complementary measures of perceptual similarity, and more ecologically valid paradigms, the results suggest that false memory formation may be considered a more general and multimodal phenomenon than indicated by studies traditionally focused on verbal material.
La memoria umana non costituisce una riproduzione fedele degli eventi esperiti, ma un processo ricostruttivo nel quale la similarità tra informazioni può contribuire alla formazione di rappresentazioni e ricordi non corrispondenti all’esperienza effettivamente vissuta. Il paradigma Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) rappresenta uno dei principali strumenti sperimentali per lo studio dei falsi ricordi e ha tradizionalmente indagato il fenomeno attraverso materiale verbale organizzato sulla base di relazioni semantiche. Il presente studio ha esaminato la possibilità di estendere tale paradigma al dominio acustico, verificando se la similarità percettiva tra eventi sonori possa favorire la comparsa di falsi riconoscimenti anche in assenza di una precedente esposizione allo stimolo critico. A tale scopo, sono stati selezionati stimoli sonori non verbali e la loro similarità acustica è stata quantificata mediante rappresentazioni ottenute attraverso un modello computazionale basato su reti neurali. Un gruppo di partecipanti ha ascoltato liste di suoni durante una fase di codifica, seguita da un compito di riconoscimento nel quale erano presenti sia stimoli precedentemente presentati sia stimoli nuovi, comprendenti critical lures e unrelated lures. L’ipotesi di ricerca prevedeva che gli stimoli acusticamente più simili agli eventi precedentemente ascoltati fossero maggiormente soggetti a falsi riconoscimenti e che i critical lures suscitassero una maggiore sensazione di familiarità rispetto agli stimoli non correlati. I risultati hanno mostrato un andamento coerente con entrambe le previsioni. Gli stimoli caratterizzati da una maggiore similarità acustica rispetto agli stimoli codificati tendevano a essere riconosciuti come già presentati più frequentemente rispetto agli stimoli acusticamente meno simili. Inoltre, i critical lures, pur non essendo mai stati presentati durante la fase di codifica, risultavano maggiormente suscettibili a giudizi di familiarità rispetto agli unrelated lures. Nel complesso, tali evidenze indicano che la similarità acustica può contribuire alla formazione di errori sistematici di riconoscimento, suggerendo che i processi alla base dei falsi ricordi non siano necessariamente vincolati alla presenza di associazioni linguistiche o semantiche. I risultati ampliano pertanto la letteratura sul paradigma DRM e forniscono un contributo alla comprensione dei meccanismi di distorsione della memoria in un dominio percettivo non verbale. In particolare, essi sono compatibili con una concezione della memoria come sistema ricostruttivo e sensibile alla similarità tra rappresentazioni, nel quale la generalizzazione delle informazioni percettive può favorire sia un’efficiente organizzazione dell’esperienza sia, in determinate condizioni, l’attribuzione erronea di familiarità a eventi mai effettivamente vissuti. Pur richiedendo ulteriori verifiche attraverso campioni più ampi, misure della similarità percettiva complementari e paradigmi maggiormente ecologici, i risultati suggeriscono che la formazione dei falsi ricordi possa essere considerata un fenomeno più generale e multimodale di quanto evidenziato dagli studi tradizionalmente centrati sul materiale verbale.
Il Ruolo Della Similarità Acustica Nella Formazione Dei Falsi Ricordi: Evidenze Da Un Adattamento Uditivo Del Paradigma DRM.
MORGANTE, AGOSTINA
2025/2026
Abstract
Human memory is not a faithful reproduction of experienced events but rather a reconstructive process in which the similarity between pieces of information can contribute to the formation of representations and memories that do not correspond to the actual experience. The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm is a key experimental tool for studying false memories; traditionally, it has investigated this phenomenon using verbal material organized around semantic relationships. The present study examined the possibility of extending this paradigm to the auditory domain, testing whether perceptual similarity between sound events could foster false recognition even in the absence of prior exposure to the critical stimulus. To this end, non-verbal sound stimuli were selected, and their acoustic similarity was quantified using representations derived from a neural network-based computational model. Participants listened to lists of sounds during an encoding phase, followed by a recognition task that included both previously presented stimuli and new ones, specifically, "critical lures" and "unrelated lures." The research hypothesis posited that stimuli acoustically most similar to the previously heard events would be more prone to false recognition and that critical lures would elicit a stronger sense of familiarity than unrelated stimuli. The results were consistent with both predictions. Stimuli with greater acoustic similarity to the encoded items were more frequently recognized as having been previously presented compared to those with less acoustic similarity. Furthermore, although critical lures had never been presented during the encoding phase, they were more likely to be judged as familiar than unrelated lures. Overall, this evidence indicates that acoustic similarity can contribute to the formation of systematic recognition errors, suggesting that the processes underlying false memories are not necessarily contingent upon the presence of linguistic or semantic associations. Consequently, the results extend the literature on the DRM paradigm and contribute to an understanding of memory distortion mechanisms within a non-verbal perceptual domain. In particular, they are consistent with a view of memory as a reconstructive system sensitive to the similarity between representations, one in which the generalization of perceptual information can facilitate both the efficient organization of experience and, under certain conditions, the erroneous attribution of familiarity to events that were never actually experienced. While requiring further verification using larger samples, complementary measures of perceptual similarity, and more ecologically valid paradigms, the results suggest that false memory formation may be considered a more general and multimodal phenomenon than indicated by studies traditionally focused on verbal material.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/36727