Theory of Mind (ToM) and Empathy are fundamental socio-cognitive skills for navigating the social environment and building interpersonal relationships. Although the literature has extensively investigated these constructs, less well known is their interaction in shaping attitudes toward peers with disabilities, especially within the school context. This thesis aims to explore how the contextualized application of mentalization and levels of empathy contribute to predicting inclusive attitudes in typically developing children, also evaluating the possible variation of ToM as a function of the target characteristics (presence or absence of disability). The research involved a sample of 153 students attending the third, fourth, and fifth years of primary school, enrolled within the Italian school system. To assess the differential use of ToM, an adapted version of Strange Stories was administered in which the condition of the protagonists (with and without disabilities) was experimentally manipulated. In parallel, empathy levels were measured using the Basic Empathy Scale and explicit attitudes toward disability using an adapted self-report questionnaire. The protocol also included control tests for verbal skills and executive functions. The results of the models highlighted that empathy is the strongest predictor of positive attitudes towards disability. ToM helps predict attitude, but its influence varies significantly by target: higher performance in mentalizing scenarios with disabilities is associated with more neutral decoding of the situation, suggesting that cognitive understanding alone does not automatically generate acceptance. Contrary to the hypothesis of an intergroup decline, no significant differences emerged in ToM performance when faced with protagonists with or without disabilities. It is hypothesized that the structural inclusiveness of the Italian school system acts as a protective factor, training children daily to decode diversity and maintaining stable basic mentalistic competence.
La Teoria della Mente (ToM) e l’Empatia sono competenze socio-cognitive fondamentali per navigare l’ambiente sociale e costruire relazioni interpersonali. Sebbene la letteratura abbia ampiamente indagato questi costrutti, meno nota è la loro interazione nella formazione degli atteggiamenti verso i coetanei con disabilità, specialmente all’interno del contesto scolastico. Il presente lavoro di tesi si propone di esplorare come l’applicazione contestualizzata della mentalizzazione e i livelli di empatia concorrano a predire gli atteggiamenti inclusivi in bambini a sviluppo tipico, valutando inoltre l’eventuale variazione della ToM in funzione delle caratteristiche del target (presenza o assenza di disabilità). La ricerca ha coinvolto un campione di 153 alunni frequentanti il terzo, quarto e quinto anno della scuola primaria, inseriti all'interno del sistema scolastico italiano. Per valutare l'uso differenziale della ToM, è stata somministrata una versione adattata delle Strange Stories in cui è stata manipolata sperimentalmente la condizione dei protagonisti (con e senza disabilità). Parallelamente, sono stati misurati i livelli di empatia attraverso la Basic Empathy Scale e gli atteggiamenti espliciti verso la disabilità tramite un questionario self-report adattato. Il protocollo ha incluso anche prove di controllo per le abilità verbali e le funzioni esecutive. I risultati dei modelli hanno evidenziato che l’Empatia si configura come il predittore più forte degli atteggiamenti positivi verso la disabilità. La ToM contribuisce a prevedere l’atteggiamento, ma la sua influenza varia sensibilmente in base al target: prestazioni più elevate nella mentalizzazione di scenari con disabilità si associano a una decodifica più neutra della situazione, suggerendo che la sola comprensione cognitiva non generi automaticamente accoglienza. Contrariamente all’ipotesi di una flessione intergruppo, non sono emerse differenze significative nelle prestazioni ToM di fronte a protagonisti con o senza disabilità. Si ipotizza che la strutturale inclusività del sistema scolastico italiano funga da fattore protettivo, allenando quotidianamente i bambini alla decodifica della diversità e mantenendo stabile la competenza mentalistica di base.
Tra comprendere e sentire l'Altro: Teoria della Mente, Empatia e Atteggiamenti dei bambini verso i coetanei con disabilità
CICCU, VALERIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Theory of Mind (ToM) and Empathy are fundamental socio-cognitive skills for navigating the social environment and building interpersonal relationships. Although the literature has extensively investigated these constructs, less well known is their interaction in shaping attitudes toward peers with disabilities, especially within the school context. This thesis aims to explore how the contextualized application of mentalization and levels of empathy contribute to predicting inclusive attitudes in typically developing children, also evaluating the possible variation of ToM as a function of the target characteristics (presence or absence of disability). The research involved a sample of 153 students attending the third, fourth, and fifth years of primary school, enrolled within the Italian school system. To assess the differential use of ToM, an adapted version of Strange Stories was administered in which the condition of the protagonists (with and without disabilities) was experimentally manipulated. In parallel, empathy levels were measured using the Basic Empathy Scale and explicit attitudes toward disability using an adapted self-report questionnaire. The protocol also included control tests for verbal skills and executive functions. The results of the models highlighted that empathy is the strongest predictor of positive attitudes towards disability. ToM helps predict attitude, but its influence varies significantly by target: higher performance in mentalizing scenarios with disabilities is associated with more neutral decoding of the situation, suggesting that cognitive understanding alone does not automatically generate acceptance. Contrary to the hypothesis of an intergroup decline, no significant differences emerged in ToM performance when faced with protagonists with or without disabilities. It is hypothesized that the structural inclusiveness of the Italian school system acts as a protective factor, training children daily to decode diversity and maintaining stable basic mentalistic competence.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/36744