The present study investigates the role of maternal psychological language, namely the set of terms through which mothers refer to their own and their children’s internal states, as an expression of the caregiver’s reflective functioning, within Belsky’s (1984) Process Model of Parenting. The theoretical section reviews the relationship between Theory of Mind, mentalization, and psychological language, and subsequently examines parental stress as a risk factor and mindfulness as a potential protective factor for the quality of dialogue concerning mental states, with particular attention to the toddlerhood period. Within this framework, a pilot study was conducted on 33 mother-child dyads. The study aimed to describe the use of maternal psychological language across two observed episodes: verbal reminiscing (Episode 1) and shared book reading (Episode 2), and to explore its associations with perceived stress (PSS-10) and dispositional mindfulness (20-item FFMQ), using generalized linear models with a Poisson distribution. The sample showed levels of perceived stress (M = 28.33) comparable to Italian normative data and levels of mindfulness (M = 59.36) that were slightly lower than those observed in the general population. In both episodes, maternal mental language was predominantly oriented toward the child (referent “Other”), with a profile dominated by positive emotions during spontaneous speech and by perceptual language during book reading, consistently with the nature of the task. Perceived stress did not emerge as a significant predictor of either the frequency or the composition of genuine psychological language in either episode. Mindfulness, on the other hand, showed different effects depending on the context: during spontaneous speech, higher scores were associated with a lower overall frequency of genuine psychological language, but with a qualitative shift from positive toward negative emotions; during book reading, the effect on frequency disappeared, while a progressive shift in maternal discourse toward the child emerged. Maternal educational level was positively associated with the frequency of genuine psychological language in both episodes, more markedly in the second, with a more articulated and balanced pattern across categories at higher educational levels. Educational level also showed an opposite effect on the referent across the two episodes: greater child-centeredness during spontaneous speech, but a prevalence of self-references during book reading at the highest educational level. Given the small sample size, the study retains an exploratory and descriptive purpose. The findings provide preliminary indications of patterns of association between stress, mindfulness, education, and maternal psychological language, as well as evidence regarding the feasibility of the procedures adopted, paving the way for future research involving larger samples.
Il presente lavoro indaga il ruolo del lessico psicologico materno, ovvero l’insieme dei termini con cui la madre fa riferimento agli stati interni propri e del bambino, come espressione della funzione riflessiva del caregiver, all’interno del modello processuale della genitorialità di Belsky (1984). La parte teorica ricostruisce il legame tra Teoria della Mente, mentalizzazione e lessico psicologico, per poi approfondire lo Stress genitoriale come fattore di rischio e la Mindfulness come possibile fattore protettivo per la qualità del dialogo sugli stati mentali, con particolare attenzione al periodo della toddlerhood. Tenendo conto di questo quadro è stato condotto uno studio pilota su 33 diadi madre-bambino. Volto a descrivere l’uso del lessico psicologico materno in due episodi osservati: la rievocazione verbale (Episodio 1) e la lettura condivisa (Episodio 2), e a esplorare le associazioni con lo Stress percepito (PSS-10) e la Mindfulness disposizionale (FFMQ a 20 item), tramite modelli lineari generalizzati con distribuzione di Poisson. Il campione ha mostrato livelli di Stress percepito (M= 28.33) sovrapponibili ai dati normativi italiani e livelli di Mindfulness (M= 59.36) lievemente inferiori alla popolazione generale. In entrambi gli episodi il lessico mentale materno è risultato prevalentemente orientato verso il bambino (referente “Other”), con un profilo dominato dalle emozioni positive nel parlato spontaneo e dal lessico percettivo nella lettura del libro, coerentemente con la natura del compito. Lo Stress percepito non è emerso come predittore significativo né della frequenza né della composizione del lessico genuino in nessuno dei due episodi. La Mindfulness ha invece mostrato effetti diversi a seconda del contesto: nel parlato spontaneo, a punteggi più alti è corrisposta una minore frequenza complessiva di lessico genuino ma uno spostamento qualitativo delle emozioni positive verso quelle negative; nella lettura del libro, l’effetto sulla frequenza è scomparso, mentre è emerso un progressivo decentramento del discorso materno verso il bambino. Il livello di istruzione materna è risultato associato positivamente alla frequenza del lessico genuino in entrambi gli episodi (più marcatamente nel secondo), con un pattern più articolato e bilanciato tra categorie a livelli di istruzione più alti, e un effetto opposto sul referente nei due episodi: rafforzamento della centratura sul bambino nel parlato spontaneo, ma prevalenza dei riferimenti a sé nella lettura al livello di istruzione più elevato. Data la dimensione ridotta del campione, lo studio mantiene una finalità esplorativa e descrittiva: i risultati offrono indicazioni preliminari sui pattern di associazione tra Stress, Mindfulness, istruzione e lessico psicologico materno, e sulla fattibilità delle procedure adottate, in vista di future ricerche condotte su campioni più ampi.
Associazioni tra stress genitoriale, mindfulness e lessico psicologico: uno studio pilota nella toddlerhood
PRIMON, GIULIA
2025/2026
Abstract
The present study investigates the role of maternal psychological language, namely the set of terms through which mothers refer to their own and their children’s internal states, as an expression of the caregiver’s reflective functioning, within Belsky’s (1984) Process Model of Parenting. The theoretical section reviews the relationship between Theory of Mind, mentalization, and psychological language, and subsequently examines parental stress as a risk factor and mindfulness as a potential protective factor for the quality of dialogue concerning mental states, with particular attention to the toddlerhood period. Within this framework, a pilot study was conducted on 33 mother-child dyads. The study aimed to describe the use of maternal psychological language across two observed episodes: verbal reminiscing (Episode 1) and shared book reading (Episode 2), and to explore its associations with perceived stress (PSS-10) and dispositional mindfulness (20-item FFMQ), using generalized linear models with a Poisson distribution. The sample showed levels of perceived stress (M = 28.33) comparable to Italian normative data and levels of mindfulness (M = 59.36) that were slightly lower than those observed in the general population. In both episodes, maternal mental language was predominantly oriented toward the child (referent “Other”), with a profile dominated by positive emotions during spontaneous speech and by perceptual language during book reading, consistently with the nature of the task. Perceived stress did not emerge as a significant predictor of either the frequency or the composition of genuine psychological language in either episode. Mindfulness, on the other hand, showed different effects depending on the context: during spontaneous speech, higher scores were associated with a lower overall frequency of genuine psychological language, but with a qualitative shift from positive toward negative emotions; during book reading, the effect on frequency disappeared, while a progressive shift in maternal discourse toward the child emerged. Maternal educational level was positively associated with the frequency of genuine psychological language in both episodes, more markedly in the second, with a more articulated and balanced pattern across categories at higher educational levels. Educational level also showed an opposite effect on the referent across the two episodes: greater child-centeredness during spontaneous speech, but a prevalence of self-references during book reading at the highest educational level. Given the small sample size, the study retains an exploratory and descriptive purpose. The findings provide preliminary indications of patterns of association between stress, mindfulness, education, and maternal psychological language, as well as evidence regarding the feasibility of the procedures adopted, paving the way for future research involving larger samples.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi di laurea 2026-Giulia Primon.pdf
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Descrizione: Il presente lavoro indaga il ruolo del lessico psicologico materno, ovvero l’insieme dei termini con cui la madre fa riferimento agli stati interni propri e del bambino e le associazioni con mindfulness e stress percepito.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/36746