This paper examines the effect of the introduction of women’s suffrage on infant mortality rates across Swiss cantons over the period 1959 to 2000. Switzerland’s system of direct democracy and the staggered adoption of cantonal women’s suffrage provide a natural experimental setting well suited for causal identification. The analysis employs a classical difference-in-differences framework alongside the Callaway and Sant’Anna (2021) staggered treatment estimator, which explicitly accounts for treatment effect heterogeneity. The standard DiD estimator yields a statistically insignificant coefficient, reflecting distortion caused by heterogeneous treatment effects across adoption cohorts. By contrast, the Callaway and Sant’Anna estimator identifies a negative and statistically significant effect, indicating that the introduction of women’s suf- frage led to a meaningful reduction in infant mortality. Mechanism analysis suggests that this effect operates primarily through increased cantonal health care investment and rising female secondary school enrollment. These findings contribute to the literature by providing one of the first applications of the Callaway and Sant’Anna estimator to the women’s suffrage and child health literature, and by demonstrating that conventional estimators can produce sign-reversed results in this setting.
Questo articolo esamina l’effetto dell’introduzione del suffragio femminile sui tassi di mor- talità infantile nei cantoni svizzeri nel periodo compreso tra il 1959 e il 2000. Il sistema svizzero di democrazia diretta e l’adozione scaglionata del voto alle donne a livello cantonale offrono un contesto sperimentale naturale ideale per l’identificazione causale. L’analisi utilizza un approc- cio classico di difference-in-differences (DiD) insieme allo stimatore per trattamenti scaglionati di Callaway e Sant’Anna (2021), il quale tiene esplicitamente conto dell’eterogeneità degli effetti del trattamento. Lo stimatore DiD standard restituisce un coefficiente statisticamente non significativo, riflettendo la distorsione causata dagli effetti eterogenei del trattamento tra le diverse coorti di adozione. Al contrario, lo stimatore di Callaway e Sant’Anna identifica un effetto negativo e statisticamente significativo, indicando che l’introduzione del suffragio femminile ha portato a una riduzione rilevante della mortalità infantile. L’analisi dei meccan- ismi suggerisce che questo effetto opera principalmente attraverso l’aumento degli investimenti cantonali nella sanità e la crescita delle iscrizioni femminili alla scuola secondaria. Questi risultati contribuiscono alla letteratura offrendo una delle prime applicazioni dello stimatore di Callaway e Sant’Anna al filone di studi sul suffragio femminile e sulla salute infantile, e di- mostrando che gli stimatori convenzionali possono produrre risultati di segno opposto in questo contesto.
Effect of Introduction of Women Suffrage on the Infant Mortality
BANNWARTH, AMELIE CAROLINE
2025/2026
Abstract
This paper examines the effect of the introduction of women’s suffrage on infant mortality rates across Swiss cantons over the period 1959 to 2000. Switzerland’s system of direct democracy and the staggered adoption of cantonal women’s suffrage provide a natural experimental setting well suited for causal identification. The analysis employs a classical difference-in-differences framework alongside the Callaway and Sant’Anna (2021) staggered treatment estimator, which explicitly accounts for treatment effect heterogeneity. The standard DiD estimator yields a statistically insignificant coefficient, reflecting distortion caused by heterogeneous treatment effects across adoption cohorts. By contrast, the Callaway and Sant’Anna estimator identifies a negative and statistically significant effect, indicating that the introduction of women’s suf- frage led to a meaningful reduction in infant mortality. Mechanism analysis suggests that this effect operates primarily through increased cantonal health care investment and rising female secondary school enrollment. These findings contribute to the literature by providing one of the first applications of the Callaway and Sant’Anna estimator to the women’s suffrage and child health literature, and by demonstrating that conventional estimators can produce sign-reversed results in this setting.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Masterthesis_Amelie_Caroline_Bannwarth.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/36751