Today, access to the healthcare system in Italy shows noticeable differences across regions. Many studies, particularly those focusing on the pandemic period, have made these inequalities more apparent. Some regions were able to navigate the pandemic more effectively and maintain their health services more consistently. Others faced serious difficulties both economically and in terms of institutional capacity. This situation suggests that policies aimed at reducing inequality in the country have not produced the same results across regions. Although regional data provides a general overview, individuals' experiences make the picture more complex. Even in regions considered strong, some people report long waiting times and difficulties in obtaining appointments at those times. However, some people living in structurally weaker regions report more positive experiences with access to the healthcare system in Italy. This indicates that access to healthcare cannot be explained solely by regional capacity indicators, and that perceptual and individual dimensions should also be considered. Therefore, evaluating both regional indicators and individual perceptions together can provide a more comprehensive understanding of how healthcare access actually functions in Italy. This study uses official data from the pandemic years and the period that followed. The study focuses on the relationship between regional economic and social conditions, healthcare system capacity, and access to care. To complement the regional data, a short survey was conducted to understand how people experience access in everyday life. Comparing these two sources helps to clarify how structural conditions are reflected in individual perceptions. The study addresses three main questions: whether perceived access to healthcare differs between Northern and Southern Italy, how this pattern relates to the regional socio-economic context, and whether it is associated with differences in healthcare capacity. The survey collected responses from 120 individuals across Northern, Central and Southern Italy. The results show that respondents in the South generally reported less favourable access than those in the North, particularly regarding the ease of obtaining an appointment and the likelihood of delaying or avoiding care. This pattern was broadly consistent with regional differences in healthcare capacity and socio-economic conditions, although it was not uniform across every measure considered, and the item concerning access during the COVID-19 pandemic showed the opposite pattern. These findings suggest that regional healthcare inequality in Italy should be understood as a multidimensional phenomenon rather than a single, uniform divide. Keywords: healthcare access; regional inequalities; North-South divide; Italy; healthcare capacity; perceived access
Attualmente, l’accesso al sistema sanitario in Italia presenta differenze significative tra le diverse regioni. Numerosi studi, in particolare quelli relativi al periodo pandemico, hanno reso tali disuguaglianze ancora più evidenti. Alcune regioni sono riuscite ad affrontare la pandemia in modo più efficace e a garantire una maggiore continuità dei servizi sanitari, mentre altre hanno incontrato notevoli difficoltà sia dal punto di vista economico sia in termini di capacità istituzionale. Questa situazione suggerisce che le politiche volte a ridurre le disuguaglianze nel Paese non abbiano prodotto gli stessi risultati in tutte le regioni. Sebbene i dati regionali forniscano un quadro generale, le esperienze individuali rendono la situazione più complessa. Anche nelle regioni considerate più solide dal punto di vista strutturale, alcune persone riferiscono lunghi tempi di attesa e difficoltà nell’ottenere appuntamenti. Al contrario, alcune persone che vivono in regioni strutturalmente più deboli riportano esperienze più positive nell’accesso al sistema sanitario italiano. Ciò indica che l’accesso all’assistenza sanitaria non può essere spiegato esclusivamente attraverso gli indicatori di capacità regionale e che devono essere prese in considerazione anche le dimensioni percettive e individuali. Pertanto, l’analisi congiunta degli indicatori regionali e delle percezioni individuali può fornire una comprensione più completa del funzionamento effettivo dell’accesso all’assistenza sanitaria in Italia. Questo studio utilizza dati ufficiali relativi agli anni della pandemia e al periodo successivo. L’analisi si concentra sulla relazione tra le condizioni economiche e sociali regionali, la capacità del sistema sanitario e l’accesso alle cure. A integrazione dei dati regionali, è stato condotto un breve questionario per comprendere come le persone sperimentino l’accesso ai servizi sanitari nella vita quotidiana. Il confronto tra queste due fonti consente di chiarire in che modo le condizioni strutturali si riflettano nelle percezioni individuali. Lo studio affronta tre principali domande di ricerca: se l’accesso percepito all’assistenza sanitaria differisca tra il Nord e il Sud Italia, in che modo tale andamento sia collegato al contesto socio-economico regionale e se sia associato a differenze nella capacità del sistema sanitario. Al questionario hanno partecipato 120 persone provenienti dall’Italia settentrionale, centrale e meridionale. I risultati mostrano che gli intervistati del Sud hanno generalmente riportato un accesso meno favorevole rispetto a quelli del Nord, in particolare per quanto riguarda la facilità di ottenere un appuntamento e la probabilità di posticipare o rinunciare alle cure. Questo andamento è risultato nel complesso coerente con le differenze regionali nella capacità del sistema sanitario e nelle condizioni socio economiche, sebbene non sia emerso in modo uniforme per tutti gli indicatori considerati. Inoltre, l’item relativo all’accesso durante la pandemia di COVID-19 ha mostrato un andamento opposto. Questi risultati suggeriscono che le disuguaglianze regionali nell’accesso all’assistenza sanitaria in Italia debbano essere interpretate come un fenomeno multidimensionale, piuttosto che come una divisione unica e uniforme. Parole chiave: accesso all’assistenza sanitaria; disuguaglianze regionali; divario Nord-Sud; Italia; capacità del sistema sanitario; accesso percepito
The North-South Healthcare Divide in Italy: Socio-Economic and Capacity Determinants of Perceived Access in the Post-Pandemic Context
BULUT, SELEN BERFIN
2025/2026
Abstract
Today, access to the healthcare system in Italy shows noticeable differences across regions. Many studies, particularly those focusing on the pandemic period, have made these inequalities more apparent. Some regions were able to navigate the pandemic more effectively and maintain their health services more consistently. Others faced serious difficulties both economically and in terms of institutional capacity. This situation suggests that policies aimed at reducing inequality in the country have not produced the same results across regions. Although regional data provides a general overview, individuals' experiences make the picture more complex. Even in regions considered strong, some people report long waiting times and difficulties in obtaining appointments at those times. However, some people living in structurally weaker regions report more positive experiences with access to the healthcare system in Italy. This indicates that access to healthcare cannot be explained solely by regional capacity indicators, and that perceptual and individual dimensions should also be considered. Therefore, evaluating both regional indicators and individual perceptions together can provide a more comprehensive understanding of how healthcare access actually functions in Italy. This study uses official data from the pandemic years and the period that followed. The study focuses on the relationship between regional economic and social conditions, healthcare system capacity, and access to care. To complement the regional data, a short survey was conducted to understand how people experience access in everyday life. Comparing these two sources helps to clarify how structural conditions are reflected in individual perceptions. The study addresses three main questions: whether perceived access to healthcare differs between Northern and Southern Italy, how this pattern relates to the regional socio-economic context, and whether it is associated with differences in healthcare capacity. The survey collected responses from 120 individuals across Northern, Central and Southern Italy. The results show that respondents in the South generally reported less favourable access than those in the North, particularly regarding the ease of obtaining an appointment and the likelihood of delaying or avoiding care. This pattern was broadly consistent with regional differences in healthcare capacity and socio-economic conditions, although it was not uniform across every measure considered, and the item concerning access during the COVID-19 pandemic showed the opposite pattern. These findings suggest that regional healthcare inequality in Italy should be understood as a multidimensional phenomenon rather than a single, uniform divide. Keywords: healthcare access; regional inequalities; North-South divide; Italy; healthcare capacity; perceived access| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/36866