This thesis examines how corporations communicate their internal workforce diversity. The study analyses communication across three diversity dimensions: gender, race/ethnicity, and disability. The thesis focuses on analysing the way companies publicly communicate and present themselves, and whether the evidence they used to support their DEI claims is substantive or symbolic. The study adopts a qualitative, exploratory, and interpretivist approach and uses a multiple- case study design. Sixteen multinational corporations from different industries were analysed. The data were collected from the latest publicly available corporate sources, covering mainly the 2024–2026 reporting period; the study used formal and informal sources such as annual reports, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) or sustainability reports, DEI webpages, workforce data, and social media. The evidence was evaluated according to its relevance and analytical weight. The evidence was categorised into direct and measurable evidence, supporting evidence, and indirect or symbolic communication. The findings showed that all selected companies communicated a form of commitment to diversity, but there were significant differences in the quality and strength of the evidence. Gender was the most disclosed and measured dimension among the three dimensions. Most companies provided data on women's representation in the workforce, gender pay gap and quantitative targets. Disclosure on race/ethnicity was less consistent, and it was observed that it depended mostly on the geographical and legal context. Companies that operate extensively in the United States and the United Kingdom were more explicit and provided more data on race/ethnicity; meanwhile, others relied more on broader concepts such as nationality, culture, and multiculturalism. Disclosure about disability was limited in terms of detailed data about the representation of people with disabilities in the workforce; however, it was mainly 7 communicated through accessibility measures, reasonable adjustments, inclusive recruitment, employee networks, and neurodiversity support. The study also suggests that corporate communication on diversity is never entirely substantive or entirely symbolic. Most companies combined measurable evidence relating to their workforce, policies and programmes, on the one hand, with narratives, campaigns and social media communication, on the other. The potential risk of diversity washing increases when there is a significant gap between the positive image that the company has built and the quantity or quality of evidence provided on its internal workforce. The risk may also vary across the dimensions of diversity within the company itself. The study concluded that the balance between public visibility, evidence and consistency is significant in order to have a credible and reliable diversity communication. Detailed workforce data, measurable targets and consistent communication across different communication channels, whether it is formal or informal, are all necessary for transparent and accountable communication. The supporting data have to be critically examined in order to evaluate corporate communication rather than relying only on public claims.
La presente tesi esamina il modo in cui le aziende comunicano la diversità della propria forza lavoro interna. Lo studio analizza la comunicazione attraverso tre dimensioni della diversità: genere, etnia e disabilità. La tesi si concentra esclusivamente sull’analisi del modo in cui le aziende comunicano pubblicamente e si presentano, e sul fatto che le prove utilizzate a sostegno delle loro affermazioni in materia di DEI siano sostanziali o simboliche. Lo studio adotta un approccio qualitativo, esplorativo e interpretativo e utilizza un disegno di ricerca basato su casi multipli. Sono state analizzate sedici multinazionali operanti in diversi settori. I dati sono stati raccolti dalle più recenti fonti aziendali disponibili al pubblico, relative principalmente al periodo 2024–2026; lo studio ha utilizzato fonti formali e informali quali relazioni annuali, rapporti Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) o di sostenibilità, pagine web dedicate alla DEI, dati sulla forza lavoro e social media. Le prove sono state valutate in base alla loro rilevanza e al loro peso analitico. Le prove sono state classificate in prove dirette e misurabili, prove a sostegno e comunicazione indiretta o simbolica. I risultati hanno evidenziato che tutte le aziende selezionate hanno manifestato una qualche forma di impegno a favore della diversità, ma sono emerse differenze significative nella qualità e nella solidità delle prove fornite. Tra le tre dimensioni considerate, quella di genere è stata quella più ampiamente divulgata e misurata. La maggior parte delle aziende ha fornito dati sulla rappresentanza femminile nella forza lavoro, sul divario retributivo di genere e sugli obiettivi quantitativi. La divulgazione di informazioni relative all'etnia è risultata meno coerente e si è osservato che dipendeva principalmente dal contesto geografico e giuridico. Le aziende che operano in modo esteso negli Stati Uniti e nel Regno Unito erano più esplicite e fornivano maggiori dati sull'etnia; altre, invece, facevano maggiormente affidamento su concetti più ampi quali nazionalità, cultura e multiculturalismo. La divulgazione relativa alla 5 disabilità era limitata in termini di dati dettagliati sulla rappresentanza delle persone con disabilità nella forza lavoro; tuttavia, veniva comunicata principalmente attraverso misure di accessibilità, adeguamenti ragionevoli, reclutamento inclusivo, reti di dipendenti e sostegno alla neurodiversità. Lo studio suggerisce inoltre che la comunicazione aziendale sulla diversità non è mai del tutto concreta né del tutto simbolica. La maggior parte delle aziende ha combinato, da un lato, dati misurabili relativi alla propria forza lavoro, alle politiche e ai programmi e, dall’altro, narrazioni, campagne e comunicazione sui social media. Il rischio potenziale di “diversity washing” aumenta quando esiste un divario significativo tra l’immagine positiva che l’azienda si è costruita e la quantità o la qualità DEI dati forniti sulla propria forza lavoro interna. Il rischio può inoltre variare a seconda delle diverse dimensioni della diversità all’interno della stessa azienda. Lo studio ha concluso che l’equilibrio tra visibilità pubblica, dati concreti e coerenza è fondamentale per garantire una comunicazione sulla diversità credibile e affidabile. Dati dettagliati sulla forza lavoro, obiettivi misurabili e una comunicazione coerente attraverso i diversi canali, sia formali che informali, sono tutti elementi necessari per una comunicazione trasparente e responsabile. I dati a sostegno devono essere esaminati in modo critico per valutare la comunicazione aziendale, anziché basarsi esclusivamente sulle dichiarazioni pubbliche.
Dall’impegno alla comunicazione: uno studio sulle evidenze DEI e sulla comunicazione simbolica
IBRAHIM, DINA SAYED ABDELHAY ABDELRAZEK
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis examines how corporations communicate their internal workforce diversity. The study analyses communication across three diversity dimensions: gender, race/ethnicity, and disability. The thesis focuses on analysing the way companies publicly communicate and present themselves, and whether the evidence they used to support their DEI claims is substantive or symbolic. The study adopts a qualitative, exploratory, and interpretivist approach and uses a multiple- case study design. Sixteen multinational corporations from different industries were analysed. The data were collected from the latest publicly available corporate sources, covering mainly the 2024–2026 reporting period; the study used formal and informal sources such as annual reports, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) or sustainability reports, DEI webpages, workforce data, and social media. The evidence was evaluated according to its relevance and analytical weight. The evidence was categorised into direct and measurable evidence, supporting evidence, and indirect or symbolic communication. The findings showed that all selected companies communicated a form of commitment to diversity, but there were significant differences in the quality and strength of the evidence. Gender was the most disclosed and measured dimension among the three dimensions. Most companies provided data on women's representation in the workforce, gender pay gap and quantitative targets. Disclosure on race/ethnicity was less consistent, and it was observed that it depended mostly on the geographical and legal context. Companies that operate extensively in the United States and the United Kingdom were more explicit and provided more data on race/ethnicity; meanwhile, others relied more on broader concepts such as nationality, culture, and multiculturalism. Disclosure about disability was limited in terms of detailed data about the representation of people with disabilities in the workforce; however, it was mainly 7 communicated through accessibility measures, reasonable adjustments, inclusive recruitment, employee networks, and neurodiversity support. The study also suggests that corporate communication on diversity is never entirely substantive or entirely symbolic. Most companies combined measurable evidence relating to their workforce, policies and programmes, on the one hand, with narratives, campaigns and social media communication, on the other. The potential risk of diversity washing increases when there is a significant gap between the positive image that the company has built and the quantity or quality of evidence provided on its internal workforce. The risk may also vary across the dimensions of diversity within the company itself. The study concluded that the balance between public visibility, evidence and consistency is significant in order to have a credible and reliable diversity communication. Detailed workforce data, measurable targets and consistent communication across different communication channels, whether it is formal or informal, are all necessary for transparent and accountable communication. The supporting data have to be critically examined in order to evaluate corporate communication rather than relying only on public claims.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/36870