This thesis aims to describe the conceptual and technological evolution of Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs), highlighting their development as a targeted therapeutic strategy in oncology. ADCs are "smart" molecules capable of delivering chemotherapy directly into tumor cells, thereby reducing side effects and increasing efficacy, promising to radically transform cancer treatment. Already used successfully in certain types of metastatic cancer, ADCs are now being evaluated in early-stage disease, opening up potentially curative therapeutic scenarios. This thesis analyzes the structure of ADCs, their mechanism of action, and their main pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics, with a particular focus on the role of the various components that dictate their activity and therapeutic profile. Furthermore, it examines currently approved clinical applications as well as the principal therapeutic limitations associated with their use. Given that ADCs are inherently complex molecules, thoroughly characterizing their structure, purity, and potency is essential. This thesis delves into the primary analytical methods employed for ADC characterization, quality control, and stability evaluation, underscoring the critical importance of these analytical approaches in ensuring the safety, efficacy, and quality of the pharmaceutical product. Specific Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) of ADCs include: Drug-to-Antibody Ratio (DAR): The average number of payload molecules conjugated to a single antibody. A DAR that is too low diminishes efficacy, whereas a DAR that is too high can compromise the structural stability of the antibody or accelerate hepatic clearance. Drug Load Distribution: ADCs are not homogeneous single species, but rather mixtures of species with varying DAR values (e.g., antibodies bearing 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 payloads). Mapping this distribution is vital. Conjugation Sites (Positional Isomers): The identification of the exact amino acid residues (e.g., surface lysines or cysteines resulting from the reduction of interchain disulfide bonds) to which the linker is attached. Purity: The assessment of free antibody fragments and free payload (which is highly toxic).
La presente tesi si propone di descrivere l’evoluzione concettuale e tecnologica dei coniugati anticorpo-farmaco (Antibody-Drug Conjugates, ADC), evidenziandone lo sviluppo come strategia terapeutica mirata nel trattamento delle patologie oncologiche. Gli ADC sono molecole “intelligenti” capaci di trasportare la chemioterapia direttamente all’interno delle cellule tumorali, riducendo gli effetti collaterali e aumentando l’efficacia, promettendo quindi di cambiare radicalmente il modo in cui il cancro viene trattato. Già utilizzati con successo in alcune forme di tumore metastatico, gli ADC possono essere utilizzati anche nelle fasi iniziali della malattia, aprendo scenari terapeutici potenzialmente curativi. In questo lavoro di tesi viene analizzata la struttura degli ADC, il loro meccanismo d’azione e le principali caratteristiche farmacocinetiche e farmacodinamiche, con particolare attenzione al ruolo delle diverse componenti che ne determinano l’attività e il profilo terapeutico. Vengono inoltre esaminate le applicazioni cliniche attualmente approvate e le principali limitazioni terapeutiche associate al loro impiego. Gli ADC sono molecole intrinsecamente complesse; è quindi fondamentale caratterizzare la loro struttura, purezza e potenza. La tesi approfondisce i principali metodi analitici impiegati per la caratterizzazione degli ADC, il controllo della qualità e la valutazione della loro stabilità, evidenziando l’importanza di tali approcci nel garantire la sicurezza, l’efficacia e la qualità del prodotto farmaceutico. Specifici attributi di qualità critici (CQA) degli ADC sono: Rapporto Farmaco-Anticorpo (DAR - Drug-to-Antibody Ratio): È il numero medio di molecole di payload legate a un singolo anticorpo. Un DAR troppo basso riduce l'efficacia del farmaco; un DAR troppo alto può compromettere la stabilità strutturale dell'anticorpo o accelerarne la clearance epatica. Distribuzione delle Specie Coniugate (Drug Load Distribution): Gli ADC non sono molecole omogenee, ma miscele di specie con valori di DAR differenti (es. anticorpi con 0, 2, 4, 6 o 8 payload). Mappare questa distribuzione è vitale. Siti di Coniugazione (Positional Isomers): Identificazione degli amminoacidi esatti (es. lisine di superficie o cisteine derivanti dalla riduzione dei ponti disolfuro) a cui si è legato il linker. Purezza: Presenza di frammenti di anticorpo libero, payload libero (altamente tossico)
ANTIBODY-DRUG CONJUGATES (ADC): Struttura, Meccanismo d'azione, Applicazioni cliniche e Metodi analitici per la caratterizzazione.
SIPING POUOKAM, MARIE ANDRÉ
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis aims to describe the conceptual and technological evolution of Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs), highlighting their development as a targeted therapeutic strategy in oncology. ADCs are "smart" molecules capable of delivering chemotherapy directly into tumor cells, thereby reducing side effects and increasing efficacy, promising to radically transform cancer treatment. Already used successfully in certain types of metastatic cancer, ADCs are now being evaluated in early-stage disease, opening up potentially curative therapeutic scenarios. This thesis analyzes the structure of ADCs, their mechanism of action, and their main pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics, with a particular focus on the role of the various components that dictate their activity and therapeutic profile. Furthermore, it examines currently approved clinical applications as well as the principal therapeutic limitations associated with their use. Given that ADCs are inherently complex molecules, thoroughly characterizing their structure, purity, and potency is essential. This thesis delves into the primary analytical methods employed for ADC characterization, quality control, and stability evaluation, underscoring the critical importance of these analytical approaches in ensuring the safety, efficacy, and quality of the pharmaceutical product. Specific Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) of ADCs include: Drug-to-Antibody Ratio (DAR): The average number of payload molecules conjugated to a single antibody. A DAR that is too low diminishes efficacy, whereas a DAR that is too high can compromise the structural stability of the antibody or accelerate hepatic clearance. Drug Load Distribution: ADCs are not homogeneous single species, but rather mixtures of species with varying DAR values (e.g., antibodies bearing 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 payloads). Mapping this distribution is vital. Conjugation Sites (Positional Isomers): The identification of the exact amino acid residues (e.g., surface lysines or cysteines resulting from the reduction of interchain disulfide bonds) to which the linker is attached. Purity: The assessment of free antibody fragments and free payload (which is highly toxic).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/37129