Digital and ecological transitions represent two of the main transformation processes affecting public authorities and are increasingly addressed within the framework of the so-called Twin Transition. In this context, Artificial Intelligence can constitute a valuable tool for pursuing environmental sustainability objectives, by contributing to greater efficiency in administrative processes, the management of public resources and the provision of public services. At the same time, the use of AI systems entails significant environmental impacts, mainly related to energy consumption, water and material use, and the growing development of data centre infrastructures. This thesis examines the relationship between environmental sustainability and Artificial Intelligence within Public Administration, with the aim of investigating how technological innovation can contribute to a more efficient and sustainable model of public administration, while also taking into account the environmental costs associated with digital transformation. The first chapter analyses the evolution of the role of Public Administration in environmental protection, examining the principle of environmental sustainability within the constitutional, national and European legal framework and the progressive development of ecological and digital transition policies. Particular attention is devoted to the 2030 Agenda, the European Green Deal and the growing integration between technological innovation and environmental protection. The second chapter focuses on the main applications of Artificial Intelligence aimed at promoting the sustainability of administrative action. It examines, in particular, AI-based tools for energy efficiency and resource management, dematerialisation, applications in the context of smart cities, sustainable mobility and waste management, as well as the role of digital technologies in Green Public Procurement and in environmentally relevant administrative procedures. The third chapter addresses the environmental challenges associated with the development and use of Artificial Intelligence, highlighting the paradox whereby a technology capable of supporting sustainability may also generate significant environmental impacts. Particular attention is therefore paid to the energy and water consumption of data centres, the emissions associated with digital infrastructures and the challenges arising from the increasing demand for computing capacity, also in light of recent regulatory and administrative developments. The concluding part draws on the internship experience carried out at the Municipality of Tortona, during which a preliminary proposal for an Artificial Intelligence Adoption Plan for the public authority was developed. This experience makes it possible to translate the theoretical and legal considerations developed throughout the research into a concrete application, highlighting the need for AI to be used in accordance with the principles of legality, transparency, accountability, proportionality and administrative efficiency, while also taking into account the environmental impact of technological solutions. The analysis ultimately shows that the sustainability of innovation within Public Administration cannot be assessed solely on the basis of the environmental benefits potentially generated by AI technologies. Rather, it requires a comprehensive assessment of their life cycle and the integration of digital innovation, environmental protection and the principles of sound and efficient public administration.
La transizione digitale e la transizione ecologica costituiscono due dei principali processi di trasformazione che interessano l’azione dei pubblici poteri e che, sempre più, vengono ricondotti alla prospettiva della cosiddetta Twin Transition. In tale contesto, l’Intelligenza Artificiale può rappresentare uno strumento funzionale al perseguimento degli obiettivi di sostenibilità ambientale, contribuendo a rendere più efficienti i processi amministrativi, l’impiego delle risorse pubbliche e la gestione dei servizi rivolti alla collettività. Al contempo, l’utilizzo di sistemi di IA comporta rilevanti impatti ambientali, connessi principalmente al consumo energetico, all’impiego di risorse idriche e materiali e alle crescenti infrastrutture dei data center. La tesi analizza il rapporto tra sostenibilità ambientale e Intelligenza Artificiale nell’ambito della Pubblica Amministrazione, con l’obiettivo di verificare in che modo l’innovazione tecnologica possa essere orientata verso un modello di amministrazione maggiormente efficiente e sostenibile, senza trascurare i costi ambientali derivanti dalla stessa transizione digitale. Il primo capitolo ricostruisce l’evoluzione del ruolo della Pubblica Amministrazione nella tutela dell’ambiente, esaminando il principio di sostenibilità ambientale nel quadro costituzionale, nazionale ed europeo e il progressivo affermarsi delle politiche di transizione ecologica e digitale. Particolare attenzione è dedicata all’Agenda 2030, al Green Deal europeo e alla progressiva integrazione tra innovazione tecnologica e tutela ambientale. Il secondo capitolo esamina le principali applicazioni dell’Intelligenza Artificiale funzionali alla sostenibilità dell’azione amministrativa. Sono analizzati, in particolare, gli strumenti destinati all’efficientamento energetico e alla gestione delle risorse, le applicazioni nell’ambito delle Smart Cities, della mobilità e della gestione dei rifiuti, nonché il ruolo delle tecnologie digitali nel Green Public Procurement e nei procedimenti amministrativi con rilevanza ambientale. Il terzo capitolo si concentra, invece, sulle criticità ambientali connesse allo sviluppo e all’impiego dell’Intelligenza Artificiale, evidenziando il paradosso per cui una tecnologia potenzialmente idonea a favorire la sostenibilità può, al contempo, determinare significativi impatti sull’ambiente. In questa prospettiva, vengono approfonditi i consumi energetici e idrici dei data center, le emissioni associate alle infrastrutture digitali e le problematiche derivanti dalla crescente domanda di capacità computazionale, anche alla luce dei più recenti interventi normativi e amministrativi in materia. La parte conclusiva valorizza l’esperienza di stage svolta presso il Comune di Tortona, nell’ambito della quale è stata elaborata una prima proposta di Piano per l’adozione dell’Intelligenza Artificiale nell’Ente. Tale esperienza consente di tradurre le considerazioni teoriche e giuridiche sviluppate nel corso della ricerca in un’applicazione concreta, evidenziando la necessità di un utilizzo dell’IA fondato su criteri di legalità, trasparenza, responsabilità, proporzionalità ed efficienza, nonché attento agli impatti ambientali delle soluzioni tecnologiche adottate. L’analisi evidenzia, in conclusione, come la sostenibilità dell’innovazione nella Pubblica Amministrazione non possa essere ricondotta alla sola capacità delle tecnologie di produrre benefici ambientali, ma richieda una valutazione complessiva del loro ciclo di vita e un’integrazione tra innovazione digitale, tutela dell’ambiente e principi di buon andamento dell’azione amministrativa.
L’UTILIZZO DELL’INTELLIGENZA ARTIFICIALE NELLE PUBBLICHE AMMINISTRAZIONI PER IL PERSEGUIMENTO DELLA SOSTENIBILITÀ AMBIENTALE
FREDA, GIADA
2025/2026
Abstract
Digital and ecological transitions represent two of the main transformation processes affecting public authorities and are increasingly addressed within the framework of the so-called Twin Transition. In this context, Artificial Intelligence can constitute a valuable tool for pursuing environmental sustainability objectives, by contributing to greater efficiency in administrative processes, the management of public resources and the provision of public services. At the same time, the use of AI systems entails significant environmental impacts, mainly related to energy consumption, water and material use, and the growing development of data centre infrastructures. This thesis examines the relationship between environmental sustainability and Artificial Intelligence within Public Administration, with the aim of investigating how technological innovation can contribute to a more efficient and sustainable model of public administration, while also taking into account the environmental costs associated with digital transformation. The first chapter analyses the evolution of the role of Public Administration in environmental protection, examining the principle of environmental sustainability within the constitutional, national and European legal framework and the progressive development of ecological and digital transition policies. Particular attention is devoted to the 2030 Agenda, the European Green Deal and the growing integration between technological innovation and environmental protection. The second chapter focuses on the main applications of Artificial Intelligence aimed at promoting the sustainability of administrative action. It examines, in particular, AI-based tools for energy efficiency and resource management, dematerialisation, applications in the context of smart cities, sustainable mobility and waste management, as well as the role of digital technologies in Green Public Procurement and in environmentally relevant administrative procedures. The third chapter addresses the environmental challenges associated with the development and use of Artificial Intelligence, highlighting the paradox whereby a technology capable of supporting sustainability may also generate significant environmental impacts. Particular attention is therefore paid to the energy and water consumption of data centres, the emissions associated with digital infrastructures and the challenges arising from the increasing demand for computing capacity, also in light of recent regulatory and administrative developments. The concluding part draws on the internship experience carried out at the Municipality of Tortona, during which a preliminary proposal for an Artificial Intelligence Adoption Plan for the public authority was developed. This experience makes it possible to translate the theoretical and legal considerations developed throughout the research into a concrete application, highlighting the need for AI to be used in accordance with the principles of legality, transparency, accountability, proportionality and administrative efficiency, while also taking into account the environmental impact of technological solutions. The analysis ultimately shows that the sustainability of innovation within Public Administration cannot be assessed solely on the basis of the environmental benefits potentially generated by AI technologies. Rather, it requires a comprehensive assessment of their life cycle and the integration of digital innovation, environmental protection and the principles of sound and efficient public administration.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/37203