Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, with approximately 325,000 new cases per year and a 5-year survival rate of around 45%. Despite an initial response to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy, about 70% of patients relapse, developing cisplatin (cDDP)-resistant disease. The development of chemoresistance is a multifactorial process in which cellular plasticity and metabolic reprogramming play a central role, also involving the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this context, the drug repurposing of metformin (MET), an antidiabetic drug, represents a promising strategy to overcome the acquisition of cDDP resistance. Studies conducted at the Preclinical Gynecologic Oncology laboratory of the Mario Negri Pharmacological Research Institute demonstrated that the addition of MET to cDDP, in regimen mimicking first-line treatment, is able to prevent the onset of resistance in in vitro and in vivo models by forbidding the metabolic rewiring associated with resistance, especially the increased reliance on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). This thesis aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the preventive effect of MET through metabolic, molecular, and ultrastructural analyses in in vitro and ex vivo models. Additionally, we characterized the treatment-induced TME variations in immunocompetent murine models using flow cytometry (FACS). Our results suggest that models that acquire resistance to cDDP show enhanced mitochondrial fitness and plasticity, characterized by an increased oxygen consumption rate and spare respiratory capacity, measures by Seahorse®. These features are linked to an efficient antioxidant defense and the activation of mitochondrial biogenesis. In contrast, in cells treated with cDDP+MET, the activation of AMPK triggers the initial phases of autophagy but is associated with a block of the degradative flux, as evidenced by the accumulation of autophagic compartments and altered organelles. This impairment of quality control mechanisms impacts mitochondrial integrity, leading to the accumulation of structurally damaged organelles, a reduction in spare respiratory capacity, and the failure to transition toward an oxidative metabolism. TME analysis revealed that the metabolic reprogramming of resistant cells promotes an immunosuppressive microenvironment enriched in M2 macrophages. In contrast, the addition of MET to cDDP prevents this adaptation, promoting a pro-inflammatory phenotype, characterized by the activation of M1 macrophages and CD4+ T lymphocytes. In conclusion, the data from this thesis demonstrate that the early modulation of tumor metabolism by MET represents a promising strategy to prevent the onset of resistanceto cDDP and promote a tumor microenvironment that is less permissive to disease progression.
Il carcinoma ovarico rappresenta il tumore ginecologico più letale, con circa 325.000 nuovi casi ogni anno ed un tasso di sopravvivenza a 5 anni pari a circa il 45%. Nonostante una risposta iniziale alla chemioterapia di prima linea a base di platino, circa il 70% delle pazienti va incontro a recidiva sviluppando una malattia resistente al cisplatino (cDDP). Lo sviluppo della chemioresistenza è un processo multifattoriale in cui la plasticità cellulare e la riprogrammazione metabolica svolgono un ruolo centrale, coinvolgendo anche il microambiente tumorale (TME). In questo contesto, il riposizionamento farmacologico della metformina (MET), noto antidiabetico, rappresenta una strategia promettente per contrastare l’acquisizione della resistenza al cDDP. Studi condotti presso il laboratorio di Oncologia Ginecologica Preclinica dell’Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri hanno dimostrato che l’aggiunta della MET al cDDP, in uno schema di trattamento che mima la prima linea, è in grado di prevenire l’insorgenza della resistenza in modelli in vitro e in vivo, contrastando il rimodellamento metabolico associato alla resistenza, in particolare, l’aumentata dipendenza dalla fosforilazione ossidativa mitocondriale (OXPHOS). Lo scopo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato approfondire i meccanismi alla base dell’effetto preventivo della MET, mediante analisi metaboliche, molecolari e ultrastrutturali in modelli in vitro ed ex vivo, e caratterizzare mediante FACS, le variazioni del TME associate al trattamento in modelli murini immunocompetenti. I risultati ottenuti suggeriscono che i modelli che acquisiscono resistenza al cDDP mostrano maggiore fitness e plasticità mitocondriale, caratterizzata da un aumento del tasso di consumo di ossigeno e della capacità respiratoria di riserva misurate mediante Seahorse®. Queste si associano ad un’efficiente difesa antiossidante e all’attivazione della biogenesi mitocondriale. Al contrario, nelle cellule trattate con cDDP+MET, si ha l’attivazione di AMPK che innesca le fasi iniziali dell’autofagia, ma si associa ad un blocco del flusso degradativo, evidenziato dalla presenza di compartimenti autofagici ed organelli alterati. Tale compromissione dei meccanismi di controllo qualità si ripercuote sull'integrità mitocondriale, determinando l'accumulo di organelli strutturalmente danneggiati, la riduzione della capacità respiratoria di riserva e il mancato “passaggio” ad un metabolismo ossidativo. L’analisi del TME ha infine evidenziato che la riprogrammazione metabolica delle cellule resistenti favorisce un microambiente immunosoppressivo ricco di macrofagi M2. Al contrario, l’aggiunta della MET al cDDP contrasta tale adattamento, promuovendo un fenotipo di tipo pro-infiammatorio, caratterizzato dall’attivazione dei macrofagi M1 e dei linfociti T CD4+. In conclusione, i dati di questa tesi dimostrano che la modulazione precoce del metabolismo tumorale mediante MET rappresenta una strategia promettente per prevenire l’insorgenza della resistenza al cDDP e favorire un microambiente tumorale meno permissivo alla progressione della malattia.
Metformina e cisplatino come trattamento di prima linea nel carcinoma ovarico: modulare il metabolismo e il microambiente tumorale per prevenire lo sviluppo della resistenza.
ZAGO, CARLOTTA
2025/2026
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, with approximately 325,000 new cases per year and a 5-year survival rate of around 45%. Despite an initial response to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy, about 70% of patients relapse, developing cisplatin (cDDP)-resistant disease. The development of chemoresistance is a multifactorial process in which cellular plasticity and metabolic reprogramming play a central role, also involving the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this context, the drug repurposing of metformin (MET), an antidiabetic drug, represents a promising strategy to overcome the acquisition of cDDP resistance. Studies conducted at the Preclinical Gynecologic Oncology laboratory of the Mario Negri Pharmacological Research Institute demonstrated that the addition of MET to cDDP, in regimen mimicking first-line treatment, is able to prevent the onset of resistance in in vitro and in vivo models by forbidding the metabolic rewiring associated with resistance, especially the increased reliance on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). This thesis aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the preventive effect of MET through metabolic, molecular, and ultrastructural analyses in in vitro and ex vivo models. Additionally, we characterized the treatment-induced TME variations in immunocompetent murine models using flow cytometry (FACS). Our results suggest that models that acquire resistance to cDDP show enhanced mitochondrial fitness and plasticity, characterized by an increased oxygen consumption rate and spare respiratory capacity, measures by Seahorse®. These features are linked to an efficient antioxidant defense and the activation of mitochondrial biogenesis. In contrast, in cells treated with cDDP+MET, the activation of AMPK triggers the initial phases of autophagy but is associated with a block of the degradative flux, as evidenced by the accumulation of autophagic compartments and altered organelles. This impairment of quality control mechanisms impacts mitochondrial integrity, leading to the accumulation of structurally damaged organelles, a reduction in spare respiratory capacity, and the failure to transition toward an oxidative metabolism. TME analysis revealed that the metabolic reprogramming of resistant cells promotes an immunosuppressive microenvironment enriched in M2 macrophages. In contrast, the addition of MET to cDDP prevents this adaptation, promoting a pro-inflammatory phenotype, characterized by the activation of M1 macrophages and CD4+ T lymphocytes. In conclusion, the data from this thesis demonstrate that the early modulation of tumor metabolism by MET represents a promising strategy to prevent the onset of resistanceto cDDP and promote a tumor microenvironment that is less permissive to disease progression.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/37346