Autoimmune Encephalitis (AE) is a group of neurological disorders characterised by an abnormal activation of the immune system, leading to the production of antibodies directed against surface neuronal or intracellular neuronal antigens within the central nervous system (CNS). The main clinical features relate to cognition, including cognitive impairment, behavioural changes, and seizure; psychiatric symptoms such as psychosis, aggression, and euphoria, as well as movement disorders, are also common. The diagnosis of AE remains a challenging process, requiring the integration of clinical, neurological, radiological, and laboratory findings: positive or negative test results should always be interpreted in the context of the clinical phenotype, rather than in isolation. The aim of this study was to characterise the previously uncharacterised immunohistochemical staining pattern observed in the patient cohort, with the ultimate goal of identifying novel neuronal surface antigens through cell-based assay (CBA) analysis. The study included 54 patients (mean age 52 years), whose biological samples were sent to the Laboratory of Neuroimmunology of “Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Nazionale Casimiro Mondino” with suspected AE, who had previously tested positive on immunohistochemistry (IHC) with an uncharacterised pattern and negative on commercial fixed-CBA. Screening of the cohort by live CBA identified 4 positive samples against three distinct antigens. UNC-07 tested positive for SEZ6L2 (endpoint titre 1:2560, IgG1, confirmed in CSF) and was also positive for mGluR5 (endpoint titre 1:20480, IgG1, confirmed in CSF). UNC-02 and UNC-23 tested positive for SEZ6L2 at a low titre (1:80), not confirmed in CSF, with differing IgG subclasses (IgG1 and IgG2 respectively). UNC33 tested positive for mGluR1 (endpoint titre 1:2560, IgG1 and IgG2, confirmed in CSF). To further confirm the presence of neuronal surface antibodies (NS-Abs), the cohort was additionally screened on primary neuronal cultures. Of the 54 patients, 8 tested positive: UNC-07, UNC-14, and UNC-33 were confirmed in both serum and CSF,while UNC-05, UNC-23, UNC-34, UNC-37, and UNC-50 were positive in only serum (CSF was unavailable for UNC-34, UNC-37 and UNC-50). These L-CBA findings accounted for only a fraction of the reactivity detected by IHC and, more strikingly, by primary neuronal culture assays, indicating that most of the neuronal surface antibody reactivity in this cohort remains unexplained by the currently available antigen panel. These results point to the presence of still uncharacterised autoantibodies and support the need for further studies to expand the antigen panel, thereby allowing the detection of additional autoantibodies, enlarge the study cohort, and systematically test CSF samples alongside serum, in order to improve the diagnostic yield of AE.
Le encefaliti autoimmuni (AE) sono un gruppo di disturbi neurologici determinati da un’anomala attivazione del sistema immunitario, che porta alla produzione di anticorpi diretti contro antigeni neuronali di superficie o intracellulari del sistema nervoso centrale. Le manifestazioni cliniche coinvolgono prevalentemente la sfera cognitiva – deterioramento cognitivo, alterazioni comportamentali e crisi epilettiche – spesso accompagnate da sintomi psichiatrici, quali psicosi, aggressività ed euforia, e da disturbi del movimento. La diagnosi di AE richiede l’integrazione di dati clinici, neurologici, radiologici e di laboratorio: la positività o negatività dei test deve sempre essere valutata in rapporto al quadro clinico, e non valutata singolarmente. Questo studio ha l’obiettivo principale di caratterizzare pattern di colorazione immunoistochimica finora non caratterizzati, osservati nella coorte di pazienti, e di individuare nuovi antigeni neuronali di superficie mediante cell-based assay (CBA). Sono stati inclusi 54 pazienti (età media 52 anni), i cui campioni biologici sono stati inviati al Laboratorio di Neuroimmunologia della Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Nazionale Casimiro Mondino con sospetta AE, già risultati positivi all’immunoistochimica (IHC) con pattern non caratterizzato e negativi al CBA commerciale su cellule fissate. Lo screening della coorte mediante CBA su cellule vive (L-CBA) ha permesso di identificare 4 campioni positivi per tre antigeni distinti. UNC-07 è risultato positivo per SEZ6L2 (titolo endpoint 1:2560, IgG1, confermato su liquido cerebrospinale (cerebrospinal fluid CSF)) e, inoltre, per mGluR5 (titolo endpoint 1:20480, IgG1, confermato su CSF). UNC-02 e UNC-23 hanno mostrato positività per SEZ6L2 a basso titolo (1:80), non confermata su CSF, con sottoclassi IgG differenti (rispettivamente IgG1 e IgG2). UNC-33, infine, è risultato positivo per mGluR1 (titolo endpoint 1:2560, IgG1 e IgG2, confermato su CSF). Per confermare ulteriormente la presenza di anticorpi neuronali di superficie, i campioni sono stati testati su colture neuronali primarie: su 54 pazienti, 8 sono risultati positivi. Tra questi, UNC-07, UNC-14 e UNC-33 sono stati confermati sia su siero che su CSF, mentre UNC-05, UNC-23, UNC-34, UNC-37 e UNC-50 sono risultati positivi esclusivamente su siero (CSF non disponibile per UNC-34, UNC-37 e UNC-50). I risultati ottenuti con L-CBA hanno spiegato solo una frazione della reattività osservata tramite IHC e, in misura ancora più evidente, tramite i saggi su colture neuronali primarie: un dato che indica come la maggior parte della reattività anticorpale contro antigeni di superficie, in questa coorte, resti ancora non caratterizzata dal punto di vista antigenico. Questi risultati confermano l’esistenza di autoanticorpi non ancora caratterizzati e sottolineano la necessità di ampliare il pannello antigenico permettendo di identificare ulteriori autoanticorpi, espandere la coorte in esame e testare sistematicamente i campioni di CSF in parallelo a quelli di siero, al fine di migliorare la resa diagnostica delle encefaliti autoimmuni.
Identificazione di nuovi anticorpi neuronali nelle encefaliti autoimmuni mediante immunoistochimica
GIANOLI, ALICE
2025/2026
Abstract
Autoimmune Encephalitis (AE) is a group of neurological disorders characterised by an abnormal activation of the immune system, leading to the production of antibodies directed against surface neuronal or intracellular neuronal antigens within the central nervous system (CNS). The main clinical features relate to cognition, including cognitive impairment, behavioural changes, and seizure; psychiatric symptoms such as psychosis, aggression, and euphoria, as well as movement disorders, are also common. The diagnosis of AE remains a challenging process, requiring the integration of clinical, neurological, radiological, and laboratory findings: positive or negative test results should always be interpreted in the context of the clinical phenotype, rather than in isolation. The aim of this study was to characterise the previously uncharacterised immunohistochemical staining pattern observed in the patient cohort, with the ultimate goal of identifying novel neuronal surface antigens through cell-based assay (CBA) analysis. The study included 54 patients (mean age 52 years), whose biological samples were sent to the Laboratory of Neuroimmunology of “Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Nazionale Casimiro Mondino” with suspected AE, who had previously tested positive on immunohistochemistry (IHC) with an uncharacterised pattern and negative on commercial fixed-CBA. Screening of the cohort by live CBA identified 4 positive samples against three distinct antigens. UNC-07 tested positive for SEZ6L2 (endpoint titre 1:2560, IgG1, confirmed in CSF) and was also positive for mGluR5 (endpoint titre 1:20480, IgG1, confirmed in CSF). UNC-02 and UNC-23 tested positive for SEZ6L2 at a low titre (1:80), not confirmed in CSF, with differing IgG subclasses (IgG1 and IgG2 respectively). UNC33 tested positive for mGluR1 (endpoint titre 1:2560, IgG1 and IgG2, confirmed in CSF). To further confirm the presence of neuronal surface antibodies (NS-Abs), the cohort was additionally screened on primary neuronal cultures. Of the 54 patients, 8 tested positive: UNC-07, UNC-14, and UNC-33 were confirmed in both serum and CSF,while UNC-05, UNC-23, UNC-34, UNC-37, and UNC-50 were positive in only serum (CSF was unavailable for UNC-34, UNC-37 and UNC-50). These L-CBA findings accounted for only a fraction of the reactivity detected by IHC and, more strikingly, by primary neuronal culture assays, indicating that most of the neuronal surface antibody reactivity in this cohort remains unexplained by the currently available antigen panel. These results point to the presence of still uncharacterised autoantibodies and support the need for further studies to expand the antigen panel, thereby allowing the detection of additional autoantibodies, enlarge the study cohort, and systematically test CSF samples alongside serum, in order to improve the diagnostic yield of AE.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/37364