This thesis aims to support research related to crisis management trying to evaluate the applicability of two dialogue strategies (i.e. the concertative and the transformative strategy) on a special reputational crisis’s precursor called paracrisis. Paracrises result from the conversations online among users and attribute to organizations the responsibility for certain unethical, incorrect or irresponsible actions. The considered dialogue strategies should have the faculty to reduce the negative impact, which results from the organizations’ involvement in a paracrisis, on an important intangible asset like reputation. If the applied communication strategies are effective, the changes in attitude should be moderated and organizations’ reputation should be preserved. To demonstrate dialogue strategies’ effectiveness, in the last chapter of the thesis, a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the recent “Gillette #MeToo: the best men can be” crisis has been conducted. Twitter, which was one of the main social media used to discuss the events related to the campaign, was used as the only analysis’ environment. The content analysis, the more qualitative analysis, had as final aim to identify the main discussions’ arguments that led to the crisis. Moreover, this first analysis permitted to identify strategies applied by Gillette during the crisis and to identify the real stakeholders’ reactions induced by the crisis and strategies. Thanks to this information, it was possible to understand how capable Gillette was to manage the crisis and how its reputations changed after it. The more quantitative analysis, on the other hand, was finalized at providing insights on if the dialogue strategies were more suitable to address paracrises and which one of the selected strategies was more capable to protect Gillette’s reputation. Data were retrieved through two different surveys which were structured along a cognitive process deeply described further in the thesis. The stimuli to answer the different survey’s questions were composed by only one interaction dialogues and their usage is justified presuming a more managerial definition of dialogue, which tend to consider one interactions’ dialogue still as dialogues. However, the results emerged from this second analysis’ part differed from the expected results; the surveys’ participants did not perceive the events related to Gillette campaign as a crisis and the application of the chosen strategies was not more required. The theoretical background to understand the final analysis has been split out among the four chapters preceding the experimental study. The first chapter as mainly definitory character, the second reviews Public Relations’ research and its methodologies while the third one provides an analysis of the concept of paracrisis and its relationship to social media. Finally, the fourth chapter gives a deeper look to the theoretical background related to the concept of dialogue and identifies the useful definitions for the final experimental part.
Questa tesi contribuisce al background teorico relativo alla gestione della crisi di impresa valutando l’applicazione di due strategie di dialogo, rispettivamente chiamate strategia concertativa e trasformativa, sulle “paracrises”, un precursore delle crisi reputazionali. Le “paracrises” hanno la peculiarità di venire in essere grazie alle conversazioni online ed attribuiscono alle imprese o organizzazioni coinvolte la responsabilità di un comportamento non etico, scorretto o irresponsabile. La “paracrisis” tramuta in una vera crisi reputazionale non appena un cospicuo numero di utenti online prende atto dell’accusa fatta alle imprese o alle organizzazioni coinvolte. Gli effetti di questo precursore si concretizzano in perdite significative, in un cambiamento percettivo, attitudinale nonché comportamentale dei vari portatori di interesse ed, infine, in un forte danno reputazionale. Le strategie contemplate dovrebbero avere la facoltà di ridurre gli effetti negativi derivanti dal coinvolgimento nella “paracrisis”. Per valutarne l’efficacia, nell’ultimo capitolo dell’elaborato, è stata svolta un’analisi qualitativa nonché quantitativa della recente crisi reputazionale avvenuta dopo la campagna “Gillette #MeToo: the best men can be”. Twitter, uno dei social maggiormente utilizzati per discutere gli eventi relativi alla campagna, è stato utilizzato come unico ambiente di analisi. La “content analysis”, la componente più qualitativa, ha come fine ultimo l’identificazione dei maggiori argomenti di discussione, le strategie di comunicazione realmente utilizzate da Gillette per la gestione della crisi e le reali reazioni dei vari portatori di interesse indotte dalla crisi e dalle strategie applicate. Grazie a queste informazioni, è stato possibile valutare quanto è stata abile Gillette nella gestione della crisi e come è variata la sua reputazione. La seconda analisi quantitativa, invece, è finalizzata a scoprire se le strategie di dialogo si addicano alla gestione delle “paracrisis” e quale delle strategie considerate avrebbe potuto proteggere meglio la reputazione di Gillette. I dati sono stati raccolti sulla base di due questionari strutturati secondo un processo cognitivo descritto, nel dettaglio, nell’arco della tesi. L’input per rispondere alle domande dei due questionari si basa su dialoghi composti da una sola interazione, la cui utilizzazione viene giustificata tramite l’adozione di una definizione più manageriale del concetto di dialogo. Tuttavia, i risultati raccolti da questa seconda analisi non corrispondono alle aspettative; le persone intervistate non hanno percepito gli eventi relativi alla campagna come una crisi reputazionale rendendo l’applicazione delle strategie di dialogo vana. La teoria utile alla comprensione dell’analisi finale è stata descritta nel corso dei primi capitoli della tesi. Il primo capitolo assume meramente un carattere definitorio, il secondo riassume, in breve, la ricerca pregressa nell’ambito delle pubbliche relazioni nonché le varie metodologie applicate mentre il terzo capitolo analizza il concetto di “paracrisis” e la sua relazione con i “social media”. Infine, il quarto capitolo affronta la teoria relativa al concetto di dialogo e identifica le definizioni utili allo svolgimento della componente sperimentale.
Crisis management & paracrises: a new fight in virtual arenas
PANTI, ENRICO
2019/2020
Abstract
This thesis aims to support research related to crisis management trying to evaluate the applicability of two dialogue strategies (i.e. the concertative and the transformative strategy) on a special reputational crisis’s precursor called paracrisis. Paracrises result from the conversations online among users and attribute to organizations the responsibility for certain unethical, incorrect or irresponsible actions. The considered dialogue strategies should have the faculty to reduce the negative impact, which results from the organizations’ involvement in a paracrisis, on an important intangible asset like reputation. If the applied communication strategies are effective, the changes in attitude should be moderated and organizations’ reputation should be preserved. To demonstrate dialogue strategies’ effectiveness, in the last chapter of the thesis, a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the recent “Gillette #MeToo: the best men can be” crisis has been conducted. Twitter, which was one of the main social media used to discuss the events related to the campaign, was used as the only analysis’ environment. The content analysis, the more qualitative analysis, had as final aim to identify the main discussions’ arguments that led to the crisis. Moreover, this first analysis permitted to identify strategies applied by Gillette during the crisis and to identify the real stakeholders’ reactions induced by the crisis and strategies. Thanks to this information, it was possible to understand how capable Gillette was to manage the crisis and how its reputations changed after it. The more quantitative analysis, on the other hand, was finalized at providing insights on if the dialogue strategies were more suitable to address paracrises and which one of the selected strategies was more capable to protect Gillette’s reputation. Data were retrieved through two different surveys which were structured along a cognitive process deeply described further in the thesis. The stimuli to answer the different survey’s questions were composed by only one interaction dialogues and their usage is justified presuming a more managerial definition of dialogue, which tend to consider one interactions’ dialogue still as dialogues. However, the results emerged from this second analysis’ part differed from the expected results; the surveys’ participants did not perceive the events related to Gillette campaign as a crisis and the application of the chosen strategies was not more required. The theoretical background to understand the final analysis has been split out among the four chapters preceding the experimental study. The first chapter as mainly definitory character, the second reviews Public Relations’ research and its methodologies while the third one provides an analysis of the concept of paracrisis and its relationship to social media. Finally, the fourth chapter gives a deeper look to the theoretical background related to the concept of dialogue and identifies the useful definitions for the final experimental part.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/386