In this thesis I examined how the coronavirus was covered by two daily newspapers: the Russian newspaper Isvestija and the Italian one Repubblica. The period was taken into consideration when there were no cases in both countries, from the 31st of December till the 31st of January and the virus was widely reported over that period. On the 31st of December, the Chinese authority alerted the World Health Organization (WHO) of pneumonia cases in Wuhan City, the Hubei province in China. Initially the virus was unknown and the disease was first referred to as 2019-nCoV and then named COVID-19. The virus was spreading fast throughout China and because of the global nature of travel it was expected in the European Region. At the 31st of January the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared a global health emergency. Communications of hard news demand a well-informed reporting with an understanding of the possible impact. As the media coverage is largely influenced by journalistic frames and their interpretations, the image of coronavirus was analyzed from the metaphor and framing perspectives. I combined the Conceptual Metaphor Theory and the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to analyze the news articles. The Conceptual Metaphor Theory was introduced by Lakoff and Johnson (2003), the theory proposes that metaphor is not just an aspect of language, but a fundamental part of human thought, a conceptual phenomenon which basically relates to what happens in the mind. The CDA shares common goals to investigate the constructive effects of discourse and explicit and implicit power relationships as manifested in language and an orientation towards social problems. The studies of epidemic diseases have played a crucial role in demonstrating the potency of language. Previous research has revealed the prevalence of militaristic and war metaphors in almost all reporting on infectious diseases, epidemics and pandemics, denoting them as an ‘invader’ and ‘enemy’. To be able to investigate the coverage of the coronavirus in the Italian and Russian newspapers I used the method of concordance analyses of the corpus and the AntConc software, I also carried out corpus and thematic analysis. In the corpus analyses I found adjectives and verbs, which activated the metaphorical image of the coronavirus. Retrieved groups of frames such as frame of WAR, MILITARY OPERATIONS and HOPE FOR THE VICTORY showed that the virus is metaphorical described as an UNKOWN ENEMY, KILLER, SUBJECT OR OBJECT MOVING IN SPACE. The thematic analysis showed that the WAR metaphor remains a highly useful device when faced by a local or national challenge. It can be easily used by policy to impact on the society and individuals. The usage such metaphor in the context can change our opinion and also distort reality.
In questa tesi ho analizzato come il coronavirus è stato trattato da due quotidiani: il giornale russo Isvestija e quello italiano Repubblica. Il periodo tenuto in considerazione è stato quello in cui non vi erano casi in nessuno dei due Paesi, dal 31 dicembre fino al 31 gennaio, in cui comunque i giornali hanno scritto molto. Il 31 dicembre l’autorità cinese ha allertato la World Health Organization (WHO) di casi di polmonite a Wuhan, nella provincia cinese di Hubei. All’inizio il virus era sconosciuto e ci si riferiva alla malattia con l’acronimo 2019-nCoV, poi definito COVID-19. Inizialmente il virus si è diffuso velocemente attraverso la Cina ed era atteso nella regione europea a causa della natura globale del viaggio. Il 31 gennaio la World Health Organization (WHO) ha dichiarato ufficialmente lo stato di emergenza sanitaria globale. Le comunicazioni di queste notizie richiedono un giornalismo ben informato, in grado di comprendere il possibile impatto delle notizie. Dato che la copertura dei media è largamente influenzata dai frame giornalistici e dalle loro interpretazioni, l’immagine del coronavirus è stata analizzata attraverso la metafora e le prospettive di frame. Ho unito la teoria della metafora concettuale (Conceptual Metaphor Theory) e l’analisi del discorso critico (Critical Discourse Analysis, CDA) per analizzare gli articoli di cronaca. La teoria della metafora concettuale fu introdotta da Lakoff e Johnson (2003) e propone che la metafora non sia solo un aspetto del linguaggio, ma una parte fondamentale del pensiero umano, un fenomeno concettuale che si mette in relazione con ciò che accade nella mente umana. La CDA condivide obiettivi comuni per indagare gli effetti costruttivi del discorso e rendere esplicite o implicite le relazioni di potere come si manifestano nel linguaggio e nella direzione dei problemi sociali. Gli studi delle malattie epidemiologiche hanno giocato un ruolo cruciale nella dimostrazione della potenza del linguaggio. Ricerche precedenti hanno rivelato la prevalenza di metafore militari e di guerra in tutti i report riguardanti malattie infettive, epidemie e pandemie, definendoli ‘invasore’ e ‘nemico’. Per essere in grado di indagare la copertura del coronavirus nei giornali italiani e russi, ho utilizzato il metodo di concordance analysis del corpus e il software AntConc e ho anche eseguito un’analisi del corpus e tematica. Nell’analisi del corpus ho trovato che aggettivi e verbi attivano l’immagine metaforica del coronavirus. Gruppi di frame come quelli di GUERRA, OPERAZIONI MILITARI e SPERANZA PER LA VITTORIA hanno mostrato che il virus è descrito metaforicamente come un NEMICO SCONOSCIUTO, KILLER, SOGGETTO OD OGGETTO CHE SI MUOVE NELLO SPAZIO. L’analisi tematica ha mostrato che la metafora della GUERRA resta uno strumento ampiamente utile quando è affrontata da una sfida locale o nazionale. Può essere facilmente utilizzata dalla politica per avere un impatto sulla società e sugli individui. L’uso di questa metafora in contesto può cambiare la nostra opinione e distorcere la realtà.
LA COPERTURA DEL CORONAVIRUS NEI GIORNALI IN ITALIA E IN RUSSIA
ZHARIKOVA, SVETLANA
2019/2020
Abstract
In this thesis I examined how the coronavirus was covered by two daily newspapers: the Russian newspaper Isvestija and the Italian one Repubblica. The period was taken into consideration when there were no cases in both countries, from the 31st of December till the 31st of January and the virus was widely reported over that period. On the 31st of December, the Chinese authority alerted the World Health Organization (WHO) of pneumonia cases in Wuhan City, the Hubei province in China. Initially the virus was unknown and the disease was first referred to as 2019-nCoV and then named COVID-19. The virus was spreading fast throughout China and because of the global nature of travel it was expected in the European Region. At the 31st of January the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared a global health emergency. Communications of hard news demand a well-informed reporting with an understanding of the possible impact. As the media coverage is largely influenced by journalistic frames and their interpretations, the image of coronavirus was analyzed from the metaphor and framing perspectives. I combined the Conceptual Metaphor Theory and the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to analyze the news articles. The Conceptual Metaphor Theory was introduced by Lakoff and Johnson (2003), the theory proposes that metaphor is not just an aspect of language, but a fundamental part of human thought, a conceptual phenomenon which basically relates to what happens in the mind. The CDA shares common goals to investigate the constructive effects of discourse and explicit and implicit power relationships as manifested in language and an orientation towards social problems. The studies of epidemic diseases have played a crucial role in demonstrating the potency of language. Previous research has revealed the prevalence of militaristic and war metaphors in almost all reporting on infectious diseases, epidemics and pandemics, denoting them as an ‘invader’ and ‘enemy’. To be able to investigate the coverage of the coronavirus in the Italian and Russian newspapers I used the method of concordance analyses of the corpus and the AntConc software, I also carried out corpus and thematic analysis. In the corpus analyses I found adjectives and verbs, which activated the metaphorical image of the coronavirus. Retrieved groups of frames such as frame of WAR, MILITARY OPERATIONS and HOPE FOR THE VICTORY showed that the virus is metaphorical described as an UNKOWN ENEMY, KILLER, SUBJECT OR OBJECT MOVING IN SPACE. The thematic analysis showed that the WAR metaphor remains a highly useful device when faced by a local or national challenge. It can be easily used by policy to impact on the society and individuals. The usage such metaphor in the context can change our opinion and also distort reality.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/439