Until recently, the rights and interests of victims of serious mass atrocities have often been completely overlooked or treated as subjects of secondary importance, behind the punishment of the perpetrators. The adoption of the Rome Statute in 1998 establishing and governing the ICC marked the first time that an international criminal body was authorized to award reparations, including restitution, compensation, and rehabilitation, against individual perpetrators of mass atrocities for the benefit of their victims. The Statute also grants victims the right to participate in proceedings where their interests are affected, remedying their earlier exclusion from international judicial proceedings, thus distinguishing the ICC from predecessor international criminal courts including the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda or the Special Court for Sierra Leone. The forward-thinking treatment of victims and the right to reparations at the ICC are all well in line with broader restorative trend and emerging consensus in international law. Which is why the victim-centric provisions distributed throughout its legal framework were initially widely praised and supported by the international civil society, many NGOs, legal experts, practitioners , and academics. The ICCs reparations scheme has generated a high level of expectation in the years since 1998, however, what was seen as an important step forward at the time, has not proven to have truly benefited the Court or, it would seem, victims themselves. Now over 20 years removed from the agreement on the Rome Statute, and having had a handful of cases reach the reparation phase weve seen the ICCs unique system of restorative justice undermined by countless financial, logistical and, political constraints which have led to its growing number of staunch critics. This thesis will briefly present the evolution of victims rights in international criminal law regime and the legal framework establishing the ICCs reparation and victim participatory scheme; analyze how reparation proceedings unfolded in the four cases that have reached that phase before the Court, and finally share some of the concerns expressed by many practitioners and academics. The ICCs innovative reparation and victim participatory provisions are both inspired by noble ideals, however, putting those ideals into practice has proven to be quite the challenge, whether those challenges are unsurmountable is precisely what this thesis will debate. Ultimately, the aim of this article is to determine whether the ICC should stay the course with its expansive victims right provisions, scale them back or, whether the Court should abandon the ambitious project altogether.
Fino a poco tempo fa, i diritti e gli interessi delle vittime di gravi atrocità di massa sono stati spesso completamente trascurati o trattati come soggetti di importanza secondaria, dietro la punizione degli autori. L'adozione dello Statuto di Roma nel 1998 che istituisce e governa la CPI ha segnato la prima volta che un ente criminale internazionale è stato autorizzato ad assegnare riparazioni, tra cui restituzione, risarcimento e riabilitazione, contro singoli autori di atrocità di massa a beneficio delle loro vittime. Lo statuto garantisce inoltre alle vittime il diritto di partecipare ai procedimenti in cui i loro interessi sono interessati, rimediando alla loro precedente esclusione dai procedimenti giudiziari internazionali, distinguendo così la Corte penale internazionale dai precedenti tribunali penali internazionali tra cui il Tribunale penale internazionale per l'ex Jugoslavia, il Tribunale penale internazionale per Ruanda o tribunale speciale per la Sierra Leone. Il trattamento lungimirante delle vittime e il diritto alle riparazioni presso la CPI sono tutti in linea con la più ampia tendenza riparativa e il consenso emergente nel diritto internazionale. Questo è il motivo per cui le disposizioni incentrate sulle vittime distribuite nel suo quadro giuridico sono state inizialmente ampiamente elogiate e supportate dalla società civile internazionale, da molte ONG, esperti legali, professionisti e accademici. Il sistema di riparazione della CPI ha generato un elevato livello di aspettativa negli anni a partire dal 1998, tuttavia ciò che è stato visto come un importante passo in avanti in quel momento, non ha dimostrato di aver veramente giovato alla Corte o, a quanto pare, delle vittime stesse. Ora oltre 20 anni rimossi dall'accordo sullo Statuto di Roma, e avendo avuto una manciata di casi raggiungere la fase di riparazione, abbiamo visto il sistema unico di giustizia riparativa della CPI minato da innumerevoli vincoli finanziari, logistici e politici che hanno portato alla sua numero crescente di critici convinti. Questa tesi presenterà brevemente l'evoluzione dei diritti delle vittime nel regime di diritto penale internazionale e il quadro giuridico che istituisce il sistema di riparazione e partecipazione delle vittime della CPI; analizzare come si sono svolte le procedure di riparazione nei quattro casi che hanno raggiunto tale fase dinanzi alla Corte e infine condividere alcune delle preoccupazioni espresse da molti professionisti e accademici. Le disposizioni innovative in materia di riparazione e partecipazione delle vittime della CPI sono entrambe ispirate da ideali nobili, tuttavia, mettere in pratica quegli ideali si è dimostrato piuttosto una sfida, se tali sfide non siano insormontabili è proprio ciò di cui discuterà questa tesi. In definitiva, lo scopo di questo articolo è determinare se la CPI debba mantenere la rotta con le sue ampie disposizioni sulle vittime, ridimensionarle o se la Corte dovrebbe abbandonare del tutto l'ambizioso progetto.
Victims' Rights and Reparations before the International Criminal Court: A Model worth applauding or abandoning?
DETCHOU, BRYAN NGASSAM
2018/2019
Abstract
Until recently, the rights and interests of victims of serious mass atrocities have often been completely overlooked or treated as subjects of secondary importance, behind the punishment of the perpetrators. The adoption of the Rome Statute in 1998 establishing and governing the ICC marked the first time that an international criminal body was authorized to award reparations, including restitution, compensation, and rehabilitation, against individual perpetrators of mass atrocities for the benefit of their victims. The Statute also grants victims the right to participate in proceedings where their interests are affected, remedying their earlier exclusion from international judicial proceedings, thus distinguishing the ICC from predecessor international criminal courts including the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda or the Special Court for Sierra Leone. The forward-thinking treatment of victims and the right to reparations at the ICC are all well in line with broader restorative trend and emerging consensus in international law. Which is why the victim-centric provisions distributed throughout its legal framework were initially widely praised and supported by the international civil society, many NGOs, legal experts, practitioners , and academics. The ICCs reparations scheme has generated a high level of expectation in the years since 1998, however, what was seen as an important step forward at the time, has not proven to have truly benefited the Court or, it would seem, victims themselves. Now over 20 years removed from the agreement on the Rome Statute, and having had a handful of cases reach the reparation phase weve seen the ICCs unique system of restorative justice undermined by countless financial, logistical and, political constraints which have led to its growing number of staunch critics. This thesis will briefly present the evolution of victims rights in international criminal law regime and the legal framework establishing the ICCs reparation and victim participatory scheme; analyze how reparation proceedings unfolded in the four cases that have reached that phase before the Court, and finally share some of the concerns expressed by many practitioners and academics. The ICCs innovative reparation and victim participatory provisions are both inspired by noble ideals, however, putting those ideals into practice has proven to be quite the challenge, whether those challenges are unsurmountable is precisely what this thesis will debate. Ultimately, the aim of this article is to determine whether the ICC should stay the course with its expansive victims right provisions, scale them back or, whether the Court should abandon the ambitious project altogether.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/4472