The thesis aims at analysing the European response to the migration crisis that involved the continent in 2015, in order to do so the discussion stats the investigation from the event that, more than any others, contributed to these events: the Syrian civil war. Such conflict is part of the Arab spring context, that is in the environment of the popular uprisings which involved the Arab world between 2011 and 2012. The violent and bloodthirsty response of president Bashar Al Assad lead to a civil war between the rebels and the government, the fight generated an enormous amount of asylum seekers, internally displaced persons and casualties, particularly within the civil population. Starting from the analysis of this event, the thesis also evaluate the consequences that it had on the neighbour countries like Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey. Concerning the first two the dissertation has the goal to demonstrate how much the restrictive policies toward asylum seekers had an impact on the European crisis. Closing the borders, in fact, the local government pushed the Syrians to opt for alternative ways to leave the country. Therefore the thesis also evaluates the Turkey’s role both as outlet for asylum seekers and as point of departure toward Europe. Turkey, indeed, was a central actor in the migration crisis because from its shores left, by sea, almost a million people whom reached the Greek islands between 2015 and the first trimester of 2016. Once on the Greek territory, the asylum seekers were officially in Europe therefore, from this point on, the thesis analysis the EU response to the emergency underling both the instruments that it had and the events that started from the crisis. In particular the analysis focuses on the crisis of Greek receiving system and on the opening of the Balkan route. The journey of the migrants through the Balkan peninsula, indeed, brought to the involvement of the states along the route, amongst them Hungary characteristics for its role of ardent opposite of the EU, therefore the discussion reserves to it and to the Visegrad group a deeper focus due to the impact that they had on the European response. Once studied such response the thesis moves its attention to the bilateral agreement signed by the EU and Turkey, such deal comprehended, among other things, a “1 to 1” relocation scheme which was supposed to allow the entrance of Syrian asylum seekers in Europe in exchange of the refoulement of irregular migrants which would have reached Greek shores after the signature of the deal. The agreement was at the centre of the disputes not only because of its adherence with the international norms was questionable, but also because, through this treaty, the EU legitimised Erdogan as interlocutor. This recognition occurred even though the significant nationalist turn that Turkey had under Erdogan’s regime, therefore the thesis analysis the deal and its effects but it does so starting from an inquiry on the evolution of the EU-Turkey relations . This study will serve as an excellent viaticum to comprehend in which context the deal was signed and how deep and radical has been the breakthrough of Turkey under the leadership of APK leader. The consequent analysis of the treaty will not take into consideration only the “1 to 1” scheme, but also the other points agreed by the parties. The goal is to frame the deal in a more ample context in order to ensure a more comprehensive evaluation of the same. In particular a mention is needed both for the reopening of Turkey process of accession and for the founds of six billions euros aimed at bettering the response of Turkish receiving system.
La tesi si propone di analizzare la risposta europea alla crisi migratoria che investì il continente nel 2015, per questo la trattazione inizia la sua indagine dall’evento che, più di tutti, contribuì a quegli eventi: la guerra civile Siriana. Tale conflitto va ad inserirsi nel contesto della primavera araba, cioè in quello delle rivolte popolari che coinvolsero gran parte del mondo arabo a cavallo tra il 2011 e il 2012. La risposta violenta e sanguinaria del presidente Bashar Al Assad fece sfociare le proteste di piazza in un’aperta guerra civile tra ribelli e governo centrale, lo scontro generò un enorme numero di richiedenti asilo, sfollati e morti, in particolare tra la popolazione civile. Partendo dall’analisi di questo evento, la tesi valuta anche le conseguenze che esso ha avuto sui paesi limitrofi come Libano, Giordania e Turchia. Nel caso dei primi due l’elaborato si propone di dimostrate quanto le loro politiche restrittive sui richiedenti asilo abbiano impattato sulla crisi europea. Chiudendo le frontiere, infatti, i governi locali spinsero i richiedenti asilo ad optare per vie alternative per lasciare il paese. Per questo la tesi analizza anche il ruolo della Turchia sia come valvola di sfogo per i richiedenti asilo siriani, sia come punto di partenza per la migrazione in Europa. La Turchia, infatti, è stato un attore centrale nella crisi migratoria poiché da qui partirono, via mare, quasi un milione di persone che raggiunsero le isole greche tra il 2015 e il primo trimestre del 2016. Una volta sul territorio greco i richiedenti asilo erano ufficialmente entranti in Europa pertanto, da questo punto in poi, la tesi analizza la risposta dell’UE all’emergenza sottolineando sia quali strumenti avesse essa a disposizione, sia gli eventi che conseguirono alla crisi; in particolare l’analisi si concentra sulla crisi del sistema greco d’asilo e sull’apertura della rotta balcanica. Il viaggio dei migranti attraverso la penisola balcanica, infatti, portò al coinvolgimento degli stati presenti su quella rotta, tra gli altri l’Ungheria si contraddistinse per il suo ruolo di fervente oppositrice dell’Unione Europea e pertanto l’elaborato riserva a lei e al gruppo di Visegrad un’attenzione particolare per l’impatto che ebbero sulla risposta europea. Una volta studiata tale risposta, l’elaborato sposta l’attenzione sul trattato bilaterale che l’EU firmò con la Turchia il 18 Marzo 2016, tale accordo prevedeva, tra le altre cose, uno schema di ricollocamento “1 a 1” il quale avrebbe dovuto permettere l’ingresso in Europa di richiedenti asilo siriani in cambio del rimpatrio di migranti irregolari che avessero raggiunto le coste greche dopo la firma del patto. L’accordo è stato al centro di accese polemiche non solo perché la sua aderenza alle norme internazionali era discutibile, ma anche perché tramite questo trattato l’Unione Europea legittimò il ruolo di Erdogan come interlocutore. Tale riconoscimento avvenne, infatti, a discapito della significativa piega nazionalista ed autoritaria che la Turchia aveva preso sotto il suo regime, per questo la tesi analizza il trattato ed i suoi effetti ma lo fa partendo da una riflessione sull’evoluzione dei rapporti tra Turchia ed Unione Europea. Questa indagine fungerà da eccellente viatico per comprendere in che contesto diplomatico il trattato era stato firmato e quanto profonda e radicale si stata la svolta autoritaria turca sotto la presidenza del leader del APK. La successiva analisi del trattato non prederà in considerazione solo lo schema “1 a 1”, bensì essa comprenderà anche gli altri punti concordati dalle parti. Il fine è quello di inquadrare l’accordo in un contesto più ampio per fornire una sua valutazione più organica dello stesso. In particolare una menzione è dovuta alla riapertura del processo d’accesso della Turchia nell’UE e all’esborso di sei miliardi di euro per il sistema d'asilo turco.
The EU response to migrant crisis and the deal with Turkey concerning Syrian refugees in 2016
BORCIANI, PIETRO OLMO
2018/2019
Abstract
The thesis aims at analysing the European response to the migration crisis that involved the continent in 2015, in order to do so the discussion stats the investigation from the event that, more than any others, contributed to these events: the Syrian civil war. Such conflict is part of the Arab spring context, that is in the environment of the popular uprisings which involved the Arab world between 2011 and 2012. The violent and bloodthirsty response of president Bashar Al Assad lead to a civil war between the rebels and the government, the fight generated an enormous amount of asylum seekers, internally displaced persons and casualties, particularly within the civil population. Starting from the analysis of this event, the thesis also evaluate the consequences that it had on the neighbour countries like Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey. Concerning the first two the dissertation has the goal to demonstrate how much the restrictive policies toward asylum seekers had an impact on the European crisis. Closing the borders, in fact, the local government pushed the Syrians to opt for alternative ways to leave the country. Therefore the thesis also evaluates the Turkey’s role both as outlet for asylum seekers and as point of departure toward Europe. Turkey, indeed, was a central actor in the migration crisis because from its shores left, by sea, almost a million people whom reached the Greek islands between 2015 and the first trimester of 2016. Once on the Greek territory, the asylum seekers were officially in Europe therefore, from this point on, the thesis analysis the EU response to the emergency underling both the instruments that it had and the events that started from the crisis. In particular the analysis focuses on the crisis of Greek receiving system and on the opening of the Balkan route. The journey of the migrants through the Balkan peninsula, indeed, brought to the involvement of the states along the route, amongst them Hungary characteristics for its role of ardent opposite of the EU, therefore the discussion reserves to it and to the Visegrad group a deeper focus due to the impact that they had on the European response. Once studied such response the thesis moves its attention to the bilateral agreement signed by the EU and Turkey, such deal comprehended, among other things, a “1 to 1” relocation scheme which was supposed to allow the entrance of Syrian asylum seekers in Europe in exchange of the refoulement of irregular migrants which would have reached Greek shores after the signature of the deal. The agreement was at the centre of the disputes not only because of its adherence with the international norms was questionable, but also because, through this treaty, the EU legitimised Erdogan as interlocutor. This recognition occurred even though the significant nationalist turn that Turkey had under Erdogan’s regime, therefore the thesis analysis the deal and its effects but it does so starting from an inquiry on the evolution of the EU-Turkey relations . This study will serve as an excellent viaticum to comprehend in which context the deal was signed and how deep and radical has been the breakthrough of Turkey under the leadership of APK leader. The consequent analysis of the treaty will not take into consideration only the “1 to 1” scheme, but also the other points agreed by the parties. The goal is to frame the deal in a more ample context in order to ensure a more comprehensive evaluation of the same. In particular a mention is needed both for the reopening of Turkey process of accession and for the founds of six billions euros aimed at bettering the response of Turkish receiving system.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/5063