My work is focused on the analysis of the mythological figure of the Prometheus in its re-interpretation in the works of three authors of the 19th century: Lord Byron, Percy Shelley and Mary Shelley. The three of them all take inspiration from Aeschylus’ play Prometheus Bound (fifth century B.C): in this tragedy, the Titan is being punished by Zeus because he has defied the god’s power by giving fire to man. In Aeschylus’ myth, Prometheus is Earth’s son and from her he has inherited prophetic powers: he knows that Zeus will lay with a girl, Thetis, and that their son is fated to dethrone him. This gives him power over the Monarch of the gods. Mary Godwin and Percy Shelley met Lord Byron in Geneva in 1816: it is in this period that they all conceived their versions of Aeschylus’ myth. In Lord Byron’s poem “Prometheus” his Titan is a completely positive figure, opposed to the completely negative one of the tyrant Jupiter. Prometheus appears chained to the rock in the Caucasus, and the poet addresses and praises him. The Titan has looked and taken pity on human suffering, but he has been rewarded with suffering himself. What characterises this figure is his silence: in spite of the torture he has to endure, Byron’s Prometheus has realised that his most powerful weapon against Jupiter is indifference, therefore silence. Percy Shelley decided to write an epical rebuttal of Aeschylus’ tragedy, because he could not accept the supposed reconciliation between Prometheus and Jupiter that the Greek author proposed as ending. In his drama in four acts, Prometheus Unbound (1820), Prometheus appears as the saviour of mankind, whereas Jupiter is a tyrant. As the first act opens, the Titan has been enduring Zeus’ punishment for many centuries, but something in him has changed: he no longer feels hatred toward the Monarch of gods, but he only has pity for him. This is the first step towards his liberation, that will be completed thanks to the intervention of the Oceanid Asia. Mary Shelley’s Modern Prometheus is mainly represented by Victor Frankenstein, in her novel Frankenstein – Or the Modern Prometheus (1818). Victor, as Prometheus, is a life-giver: he decides to create a being not from clay, as the Titan does in the Greek tradition, but using electricity and Galvanism. Frankenstein represents mainly the negative aspects of Prometheus: he decides to go against the limits imposed by nature and society only to indulge his ambition.
La mia tesi analizza le re-interpretazioni della figura mitologia del Prometeo nelle opere di tre autori del XIX secolo: Lord Byron, Percy Shelley e Mary Shelley. Il punto di partenza di questi autori è stato il mito greco di Eschilo, Prometeo Incatenato (V secolo a.C): in questa tragedia, il Titano viene punito da Zeus perché ha sfidato il potere del dio donando il fuoco agli uomini. Nel mito eschileo, Prometeo è il figlio della Terra: da lei ha ereditato poteri profetici, che gli permettono di prevedere la caduta di Zeus, che avverrà a causa del figlio che il sovrano degli dei avrà giacendo con Teti. Questa informazione dà al Titano un potere superiore anche a quello di Zeus. Mary Godwin e Percy Shelley incontrarono Lord Byron a Ginevra, nel 1816: è in questo periodo che i tre autori concepirono le loro riletture del mito eschileo. Nel poemetto di Byron, intitolato “Prometeo”, il Titano è rappresentato come una figura completamente positiva, in opposizione al tiranno Zeus. Prometeo è legato ad una rupe nel Caucaso, e il poeta si rivolge a lui lodandolo. Il Titano ha avuto pietà della sofferenza degli uomini e, aiutandoli, invece di una ricompensa ha ottenuto anche lui sofferenza. Ciò che caratterizza questa figura è il suo silenzio: nonostante la tortura che deve subire, il Prometeo di Byron ha capito che l’arma più potente che possiede contro Zeus è l’indifferenza, il silenzio. Percy Shelley decise di riscrivere la tragedia di Eschilo, cambiandone il finale: il poeta Romantico, infatti, non poteva accettare la riconciliazione tra Zeus e Prometeo prevista dall’autore greco per il finale. Nel suo dramma in quattro atti, Prometeo Liberato (1820), Prometeo è rappresentato come il salvatore dell’umanità, mentre Zeus è l’ingiusto tiranno. Dopo anni di sopportazione della punizione imposta da Giove, qualcosa cambia per il Titano: non prova più quell’odio sterile nei confronti del padre degli dei, ma ha solo pietà per lui. Questo è il primo passo nella direzione della sua liberazione finale, che potrà essere completata solo grazie all’intervento dell’Oceanina Asia. Il moderno Prometeo di Mary Shelley è rappresentato principalmente da Victor Frankenstein, nel romanzo Frankenstein – O il Moderno Prometeo (1818). Victor, come Prometeo, è donatore di vita: egli decide di creare un essere vivente non dall’argilla, come fa il Titano nella tradizione greca, ma usando l’elettricità e le leggi di Galvani. Frankenstein rappresenta principalmente gli aspetti negativi del Prometeo: egli decide di sfidare i limiti imposti dalla natura e dalla società solo per assecondare la sua ambizione.
« Be men or be more than men »: The Promethean myth rivisited by Lord Byron, Percy Shelley and Mary Shelley.
CANNAVÒ, FEDERICA
2015/2016
Abstract
My work is focused on the analysis of the mythological figure of the Prometheus in its re-interpretation in the works of three authors of the 19th century: Lord Byron, Percy Shelley and Mary Shelley. The three of them all take inspiration from Aeschylus’ play Prometheus Bound (fifth century B.C): in this tragedy, the Titan is being punished by Zeus because he has defied the god’s power by giving fire to man. In Aeschylus’ myth, Prometheus is Earth’s son and from her he has inherited prophetic powers: he knows that Zeus will lay with a girl, Thetis, and that their son is fated to dethrone him. This gives him power over the Monarch of the gods. Mary Godwin and Percy Shelley met Lord Byron in Geneva in 1816: it is in this period that they all conceived their versions of Aeschylus’ myth. In Lord Byron’s poem “Prometheus” his Titan is a completely positive figure, opposed to the completely negative one of the tyrant Jupiter. Prometheus appears chained to the rock in the Caucasus, and the poet addresses and praises him. The Titan has looked and taken pity on human suffering, but he has been rewarded with suffering himself. What characterises this figure is his silence: in spite of the torture he has to endure, Byron’s Prometheus has realised that his most powerful weapon against Jupiter is indifference, therefore silence. Percy Shelley decided to write an epical rebuttal of Aeschylus’ tragedy, because he could not accept the supposed reconciliation between Prometheus and Jupiter that the Greek author proposed as ending. In his drama in four acts, Prometheus Unbound (1820), Prometheus appears as the saviour of mankind, whereas Jupiter is a tyrant. As the first act opens, the Titan has been enduring Zeus’ punishment for many centuries, but something in him has changed: he no longer feels hatred toward the Monarch of gods, but he only has pity for him. This is the first step towards his liberation, that will be completed thanks to the intervention of the Oceanid Asia. Mary Shelley’s Modern Prometheus is mainly represented by Victor Frankenstein, in her novel Frankenstein – Or the Modern Prometheus (1818). Victor, as Prometheus, is a life-giver: he decides to create a being not from clay, as the Titan does in the Greek tradition, but using electricity and Galvanism. Frankenstein represents mainly the negative aspects of Prometheus: he decides to go against the limits imposed by nature and society only to indulge his ambition.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/5096