The Semitic languages have been considered an extremely interesting field in phonology since the works of Jakobson (1957) and Jakobson et al. (1963). In this thesis we discuss some major topics in Semitic phonology, considering in parallel the most recent development in phonological theory. The goal is to achieve interesting conclusions about these topics relying on results of formal phonology, showing the strong interface between theory and analysis. The introduction (chapter 1) contains the theorical background of this entire work, generative phonology, a synthetic overview on the Semitic languages taken into account (Hebrew, Arabic, Tigre), and a brief exposition of some descriptive problems in Semitic phonetics and phonology. Chapter 2 presents the principles and the necessity for phonological theory in linguistics, following its historical development from the origins (Trubetzkoy) to the `Generative Revolution'. Then, we explain the importance of phonological rules and the way they interact/conflict with constraints. An example application of rules and constraints to Tiberian Hebrew is included too. Chapter 3 focuses on one major problem in contemporary phonology, namely opacity. After presenting the phenomenon per se and in its manifestation in various non-Semitic languages, we deal with the particular case of Tiberian Hebrew spirantization, comparing various theorical proposals and considering possible solutions. We discuss various formal approaches, namely derivational, stratal, and "morphological". We refuse the hypothesis that opacity is not a real phonological problem, because empirical data show phonological opacity is well attested across the languages of the world and, probably not being always solvable in terms of morphological uniformity principles, a neat morphological approach is cleary uneconomical and inadequate. Chapter 4 offers a description of Semitic `gutturals', mainly from an articulatory point of view. Then, the discussion focuses on the proposal of describing the gutturals as a `universal' natural class. This proposal is in contrast with others, like that which considers the gutturals not a natural class as intended by McCarthy, but as a series of patternings specific to Semitic and some non-Semitic languages, ruled out not by universal availability, but according to phonetic features and parameters. After a discussion on some theorical and descriptive problems of the first proposal, we conclude that formalization of gutturals-related and gutturals-induced processes, although descriptively accurate to a great extent, cannot justify the existence of the gutturals as a universal natural class, but rather as a series of language-specific patternings partly due to phonetic properties of the gutturals. Chapter 5 is a research proposal on a recently detected problem in Semitic phonology, namely the occurrence of [tħ-] and [th-] in Tigre. Since this language generally does not allow initial clusters, it is problematic, both at a theorical and at a typological level, to explain those forms (mainly in the imperfect inflection) which present the initial clusters mentioned above. We think the adoption of a uniform model to explain all the phenomena common to Tigre and the other Semitic languages taken in consideration is necessary for an effective further research.
L'introduzione (capitolo 1) contiene lo sfondo teorico di questo lavoro, la fonologia generativa, una sintetica panoramica delle lingue semitiche prese in esame (ebraico, arabo, tigrè), e una breve esposizione di alcuni problemi nella fonetica e fonologia semitiche. Il capitolo 2 presenta i principi e la necessità della teoria fonologica in linguistica, seguendo il suo sviluppo storico dalle origini (Trubeckoj) fino alla `Rivoluzione generativa'. Quindi, spieghiamo l'importanza delle regole fonologiche e il modo in cui esse interagiscono o entrano in conflitto con i vincoli. Un'applicazione esemplificativa delle regole e dei vincoli all'ebraico tiberiense chiude il capitolo. Il capitolo 3 si concentra su uno dei principali problemi della fonologia contemporanea, ovvero l'opacità. Dopo aver presentato il fenomeno per sé e nelle sue manifestazioni in alcune lingue non semitiche. affrontiamo il caso particolare della spirantizzazione dell'ebraico tiberiense, confrontando varie proposte teoriche e considerando possibili soluzioni. Discutiamo alcuni approcci formali, ovvero quello derivazionale, quello stratale, e quello "morfologico". Rifiutiamo l'ipotesi che l'opacità non sia un reale problema fonologico, perché i dati empirici mostrano che l'opacità fonologica è ben attestata nelle lingue del mondo e, non essendo probabilmente sempre risolvibile in termini di principi di uniformità morfologica, un approccio nettamente morfologico è chiaramente non economico e inadeguato. Il capitolo 4 offre una descrizione delle `gutturali' semitiche, principalmente da un punto di vista articolatorio. Quindi, la discussione si concentra sulla proposta di descrivere le gutturali come classe naturale `universale'. Questa proposta è in contrasto con altre, come quella che considera le gutturali non una classe naturale così come intesa da McCarthy, ma come una serie di "patterning" specifici delle lingue semitiche e di alcune non semitiche, emergenti non in base a disponibilità universale, ma in base ai tratti fonetici e ai parametri. Dopo una discussione su alcuni problemi teorici e descrittivi della prima proposta, concludiamo che la formalizzazione dei processi legati alle gutturali e da queste indotti, sebbene descrittivamente accurati in gran parte, non possano giustificare l'esistenza delle gutturali come classe naturale `universale', ma piuttosto come una serie di "patterning" linguisticamente specifici in parte dovuti a proprietà fonetiche delle gutturali. Il capitolo 5 è una proposta di ricerca su un problema recentemente individuato nella fonologia semitica, ovvero l'occorrenza di [tħ-] e [th-] in tigrè. Poiché questa lingua generalmente non ammette cluster iniziali, è problematico, sia ad un livello teorico sia ad uno tipologico, spiegare quelle forme (principalmente nella flessione dell'imperfetto) che presentano i cluster iniziali sopra menzionati. Pensiamo che l'adozione di un modello uniforme per spiegare tutti i fenomeni comuni al tigrè e alle altre lingue semitiche analizzate sia necessaria per una ricerca futura efficace.
Phonological Theory and Semitic Linguistics: A Formal Approach to Some Problems in Semitic Phonology
PIERSIGILLI, FEDERICO
2019/2020
Abstract
The Semitic languages have been considered an extremely interesting field in phonology since the works of Jakobson (1957) and Jakobson et al. (1963). In this thesis we discuss some major topics in Semitic phonology, considering in parallel the most recent development in phonological theory. The goal is to achieve interesting conclusions about these topics relying on results of formal phonology, showing the strong interface between theory and analysis. The introduction (chapter 1) contains the theorical background of this entire work, generative phonology, a synthetic overview on the Semitic languages taken into account (Hebrew, Arabic, Tigre), and a brief exposition of some descriptive problems in Semitic phonetics and phonology. Chapter 2 presents the principles and the necessity for phonological theory in linguistics, following its historical development from the origins (Trubetzkoy) to the `Generative Revolution'. Then, we explain the importance of phonological rules and the way they interact/conflict with constraints. An example application of rules and constraints to Tiberian Hebrew is included too. Chapter 3 focuses on one major problem in contemporary phonology, namely opacity. After presenting the phenomenon per se and in its manifestation in various non-Semitic languages, we deal with the particular case of Tiberian Hebrew spirantization, comparing various theorical proposals and considering possible solutions. We discuss various formal approaches, namely derivational, stratal, and "morphological". We refuse the hypothesis that opacity is not a real phonological problem, because empirical data show phonological opacity is well attested across the languages of the world and, probably not being always solvable in terms of morphological uniformity principles, a neat morphological approach is cleary uneconomical and inadequate. Chapter 4 offers a description of Semitic `gutturals', mainly from an articulatory point of view. Then, the discussion focuses on the proposal of describing the gutturals as a `universal' natural class. This proposal is in contrast with others, like that which considers the gutturals not a natural class as intended by McCarthy, but as a series of patternings specific to Semitic and some non-Semitic languages, ruled out not by universal availability, but according to phonetic features and parameters. After a discussion on some theorical and descriptive problems of the first proposal, we conclude that formalization of gutturals-related and gutturals-induced processes, although descriptively accurate to a great extent, cannot justify the existence of the gutturals as a universal natural class, but rather as a series of language-specific patternings partly due to phonetic properties of the gutturals. Chapter 5 is a research proposal on a recently detected problem in Semitic phonology, namely the occurrence of [tħ-] and [th-] in Tigre. Since this language generally does not allow initial clusters, it is problematic, both at a theorical and at a typological level, to explain those forms (mainly in the imperfect inflection) which present the initial clusters mentioned above. We think the adoption of a uniform model to explain all the phenomena common to Tigre and the other Semitic languages taken in consideration is necessary for an effective further research.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/512