The Flow state is a holistic sensation, characterized by a deconstruction of the temporal experience and a significant increase in the perception of control towards the activity itself (Csikszentmihalyi & Seligman, 2000; Csikszentmihalyi, 1975). Already from the first studies conducted by Csikszentmihalyi on artists it emerged that Flow's experience is characterized by a high level of concentration and participation in the activity, by the balance between the perception of the difficulty of the situation and of the task and personal skills, from the sensation of temporal alteration, from an intrinsic interest in the process that produces a sense of pleasure and satisfaction. (Muzio, Riva, & Argenton, 2016) According to the studies of Csikszentmihalyi, reaching the flow state during an activity would favor its development until it causes the best possible performance. In sports practice this is particularly evident and relevant. Being able to be in a state of flow during a race or game, in fact, could mean winning or improving your time and / or result. In the literature there are several studies that analyze the flow in sports practice, in particular Koehn and Morris (2012 a) analyzing the performance of tennis players aged between 11 and 18 have shown that confidence, use of imagination and control of action correlate with the flow state. On the other hand, a subsequent study conducted by Koehn (2013) revealed significant positive correlations between confidence and anxiety symptoms and the state of flow. The present study has the first objective of analyzing whether the differences in the level of training can affect the state of flow and secondly that of analyzing which variables, including self-efficacy, emotional state, motivation, age, type, and level of training, are predictors. of the flow status during a tennis match in a sample of 72 athletes over 18. A survey was conducted using an online questionnaire in which the following were administered: a demographic questionnaire, the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, the Sport Motivation Scale -6, the Flow State Scale, the Mental Skills Questionnaire, the Profile of Mood States and finally the Trait Sport-Confidence Inventory. For the analysis of the data, a series of univariate ANOVAs were carried out to analyze the differences between the amateur and competitive tennis groups. A series of linear correlations and regressions, on the other hand, have the permission to analyze the different constructs in relation to the flow state and identify possible predictors. The results showed that the training level of the participants did not influence the flow state and the other constructs examined. As regards the predictors of the Flow state, significant results were found: the emotional state, not to feel confusion or anger, the motivation in particular the introjected regulation, the identified one and the intrinsic motivation and for some self-efficacy and the dimensions of the Mental Skills Questionnaire.
Lo stato di Flow è una sensazione olistica, caratterizzata da una destrutturazione dell’esperienza temporale e da un significativo incremento della percezione di controllo nei confronti dell’attività stessa (Csikszentmihalyi &Seligman, 2000; Csikszentmihalyi, 1975). Già dai primi studi condotti da Csikszentmihalyi sugli artisti è emerso come l’esperienza di Flow sia caratterizzata da un elevato livello di concentrazione e di partecipazione all’attività, dall’equilibrio fra la percezione della difficoltà della situazione e del compito e le capacità personali, dalla sensazione d’alterazione temporale, da un interesse intrinseco per il processo che produce un senso di piacevolezza e soddisfazione. (Muzio, Riva, & Argenton, 2016) In accordo con gli studi di Csikszentmihalyi raggiungere lo stato di flow nel corso di un’attività ne favorirebbe lo svolgimento fino a provocare la miglior prestazione possibile. Nella pratica sportiva questo è particolarmente evidente e rilevante. Riuscire a essere in stato di flow durante una gara o una partita, infatti, potrebbe voler dire vincere o migliorare il proprio tempo e/o risultato. In letteratura sono diversi gli studi che analizzano il flow nella pratica sportiva, in particolare Koehn e Morris (2012 a) analizzando la performance di tennisti di età compresa tra gli 11 e i 18 anni hanno evidenziato che fiducia, uso dell’immaginazione e controllo dell'azione correlano con lo stato di flow. Da uno studio successivo condotto da Koehn (2013) sono, invece, risultate significative correlazioni positive tra confidenza e sintomi di ansia e lo stato di flusso. Il presente studio si pone come primo obiettivo quello di analizzare se le differenze del livello di allenamento possano influire sullo stato di flow e secondariamente quello di analizzare quali variabili, fra autoefficacia, stato emotivo, motivazione, età, tipo e livello di allenamento, siano predittori dello stato di flow durante una partita di tennis in un campione di 72 atleti over 18. È stata condotta una survey tramite l’utilizzo di un questionario online in cui venivano somministrati: un Questionario demografico, il Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, la Sport Motivation Scale-6, la Flow State Scale, il Questionario sulle Abilità Mentali, il Profile of Mood States ed infine il Trait Sport-Confidence Inventory. Per l’analisi dei dati sono state svolte una serie di ANOVA univariata per analizzare le differenze fra il gruppo di tennisti amatoriale e quello agonistico. Una serie di correlazioni e regressioni lineari hanno, invece, permesso di analizzare i diversi costrutti in relazione allo stato di flow ed individuarne possibili predittori. Dai risultati è emerso che il livello di allenamento dei partecipanti non influenza lo stato di flow e gli altri costrutti presi in esame. Per quanto riguarda i predittori dello stato di Flow sono risultati significativi: lo stato emotivo, in particolar modo non provare confusione o rabbia, la motivazione in particolar modo la regolazione introiettata, quella identificata e la motivazione intrinseca e per alcune dimensioni l’autoefficacia e le dimensioni del Questionario sulle abilità mentali.
LO STATO PSICOLOGICO DURANTE UNA PARTITA DI TENNIS - I predittori dello stato di Flow
MACHINA, CAMILLA
2019/2020
Abstract
The Flow state is a holistic sensation, characterized by a deconstruction of the temporal experience and a significant increase in the perception of control towards the activity itself (Csikszentmihalyi & Seligman, 2000; Csikszentmihalyi, 1975). Already from the first studies conducted by Csikszentmihalyi on artists it emerged that Flow's experience is characterized by a high level of concentration and participation in the activity, by the balance between the perception of the difficulty of the situation and of the task and personal skills, from the sensation of temporal alteration, from an intrinsic interest in the process that produces a sense of pleasure and satisfaction. (Muzio, Riva, & Argenton, 2016) According to the studies of Csikszentmihalyi, reaching the flow state during an activity would favor its development until it causes the best possible performance. In sports practice this is particularly evident and relevant. Being able to be in a state of flow during a race or game, in fact, could mean winning or improving your time and / or result. In the literature there are several studies that analyze the flow in sports practice, in particular Koehn and Morris (2012 a) analyzing the performance of tennis players aged between 11 and 18 have shown that confidence, use of imagination and control of action correlate with the flow state. On the other hand, a subsequent study conducted by Koehn (2013) revealed significant positive correlations between confidence and anxiety symptoms and the state of flow. The present study has the first objective of analyzing whether the differences in the level of training can affect the state of flow and secondly that of analyzing which variables, including self-efficacy, emotional state, motivation, age, type, and level of training, are predictors. of the flow status during a tennis match in a sample of 72 athletes over 18. A survey was conducted using an online questionnaire in which the following were administered: a demographic questionnaire, the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, the Sport Motivation Scale -6, the Flow State Scale, the Mental Skills Questionnaire, the Profile of Mood States and finally the Trait Sport-Confidence Inventory. For the analysis of the data, a series of univariate ANOVAs were carried out to analyze the differences between the amateur and competitive tennis groups. A series of linear correlations and regressions, on the other hand, have the permission to analyze the different constructs in relation to the flow state and identify possible predictors. The results showed that the training level of the participants did not influence the flow state and the other constructs examined. As regards the predictors of the Flow state, significant results were found: the emotional state, not to feel confusion or anger, the motivation in particular the introjected regulation, the identified one and the intrinsic motivation and for some self-efficacy and the dimensions of the Mental Skills Questionnaire.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/513