Sanctions have become one of the most used non-forceful instruments of international relations nowadays. Over the last decades, the United Nations Security Council and other international actors, such as the European Union and the United States, have incredibly increased the resort to implement sanctions against States, entities or individuals, alleged for having perpetrated a threat to or a breach of international peace and security. Nevertheless, despite the fact that the application of such measures has increased exponentially, the international community has continued to formulate doubts over their implementation, particularly due to the human rights concerns that emerged following the humanitarian disaster that occurred during the 1990s after the adoption of the UNSC sanctions. This has led the international community to initiate an evolutive process that resulted in the emergence of a new typology of such measures: targeted sanctions. Targeted sanctions have progressively lowered the probability of negatively impacting the targeted State's population as an unintended effect of similar measures. However, even this new typology of sanctions has ultimately generated new human rights concerns in their application. For instance, in several cases has violated the right to access to justice and property rights. This thesis, therefore, aims to answer the question of when and how international sanctions violate human rights.
Attualmente le sanzioni internazionali vengono, sempre più frequentemente, utilizzate quale strumento alternativo alla forza militare. Negli ultimi decenni il Consiglio di Sicurezza delle Nazioni Nnite, l’Unione Europea e Stati Uniti hanno notevolmente aumentato il ricorso a questo strumento contro Nazioni o altri Soggetti che hanno violato o minacciato di violare la pace e/o la sicurezza internazionale. Tuttavia, nonostante l’applicazione di tali misure sia aumentata in maniera esponenziale, la comunità internazionale ha continuato a formulare riserve per le loro implicazioni e le loro conseguenze sui diritti umani, specie dopo il disastro umanitario verificatosi negli anni 90 del secolo scorso a seguito delle sanzioni adottate delle dal Consiglio di Sicurezza delle Nazioni Unite. Da qui ha avuto avvio, nell’ambito della comunità internazionale, un processo in costante evoluzione che è sfociato nella formulazione di una nuova tipologia di sanzioni: le sanzioni mirate. Anche le sanzioni mirate, tuttavia, sebbene abbiano progressivamente ridotto gli impatti negativi di tali misure sulle popolazioni degli Stati colpiti, hanno egualmente generato diverse e nuove preoccupazioni circa il loro impatto sui diritti umani, come sul diritto all’accesso alla giustizia e sul diritto di proprietà individuale. Questa tesi si propone di rispondere alla domanda in quali casi ed in quali modi le sanzioni internazionali hanno violato tali diritti umani.
The Impact of International Sanctions on Human Rights. The Case of Iran
ABDUL SALIM, HAKIM
2019/2020
Abstract
Sanctions have become one of the most used non-forceful instruments of international relations nowadays. Over the last decades, the United Nations Security Council and other international actors, such as the European Union and the United States, have incredibly increased the resort to implement sanctions against States, entities or individuals, alleged for having perpetrated a threat to or a breach of international peace and security. Nevertheless, despite the fact that the application of such measures has increased exponentially, the international community has continued to formulate doubts over their implementation, particularly due to the human rights concerns that emerged following the humanitarian disaster that occurred during the 1990s after the adoption of the UNSC sanctions. This has led the international community to initiate an evolutive process that resulted in the emergence of a new typology of such measures: targeted sanctions. Targeted sanctions have progressively lowered the probability of negatively impacting the targeted State's population as an unintended effect of similar measures. However, even this new typology of sanctions has ultimately generated new human rights concerns in their application. For instance, in several cases has violated the right to access to justice and property rights. This thesis, therefore, aims to answer the question of when and how international sanctions violate human rights.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/598