The present dissertation aims to examine theoretically and empirically whether human beings behave altruistically by nature, and whether they care about both being treated fairly and treating others fairly. We first refer to Adam Smith’s main works, in particular The Theory of Moral Sentiments, to question rational choice theory, where rationality is identified with the pursuit of self-interest. In the second part of this work, a simple experiment, commonly known as the Dictator game, is presented, where we test the participants' propensity to give and share. The game is played by children of six and nine years of age enrolled in two primary schools (one public, the other private) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. No subjects are related by blood and candies are used as payment resources. The results show that participants do not necessarily behave as self-interested players, contrary to conventional wisdom, but instead act in an altruistic way by offering something to the other player. Moreover, older children and children of higher socioeconomic status (identified in our experiment as those going to private school) behave more altruistically than younger children and children with lower socioeconomic status. Still, a majority of children from both public and private school display some level of altruistic behaviour from the youngest age. Our results corroborate empirical observations that the standard rational maximization model should not be taken for granted and, therefore, that it may not be a robust proxy for modelling human behaviour. Rather, the behavioural and experimental economics literature supports the idea that human motivations cannot be reduced to their most elementary form and that altruistic behaviour is indeed influenced by local socialization practices. Keywords: Altruism, Rationality, Adam Smith, Dictator game, Children, Socioeconomic status, Brazil.
La presente tesi si propone di esaminare se le persone si comportano altruisticamente, e se si preoccupano di essere trattate in modo equo e di trattare gli altri in modo equo. L'argomento è analizzato dal punto di vista teorico ed empirico. Da un lato, analizzando le opere principali di Adam Smith, in particolare la Teoria dei Sentimenti Morali, la teoria della scelta razionale è messa in discussione. D'altra parte, nella seconda parte del lavoro, viene presentato un semplice esperimento: il Dictator game, utile per testare la propensione a dare e condividere. Il gioco ha avuto come partecipanti bambini di sei e nove anni di due scuole elementari brasiliane (un ente pubblico, l'altro privato) che hanno giocato con individui non geneticamente legati a loro, utilizzando cioccolatini come risorse. I risultati mostrano che i giocatori non sempre si comportano in modo “razionale”, non offrendo nulla all'altro, ma danno e condividono. Inoltre, bambini più grandi e appartenenti a un più alto status socio-economico (ovvero gli iscritti alla scuola privata) si sono comportati più altruisticamente di bambini più piccoli e provenienti da uno status socio-economico più basso. Eppure, la maggior parte dei bambini, sia da scuola pubblica o privata, mostra una inclinazione per l’altruismo. L’analisi storica e l’osservazione empirica dimostrano come il modello di massimizzazione razionale non rappresenta in modo esauriente il comportamento umano. Le intuizioni fornite dall’economia comportamentale e sperimentale, arricchiscono la prospettiva e testimoniano la reale complessità delle motivazioni umane.
An Inquiry on Altruism and Fairness in Economics
CAPISANI, DAFNE
2014/2015
Abstract
The present dissertation aims to examine theoretically and empirically whether human beings behave altruistically by nature, and whether they care about both being treated fairly and treating others fairly. We first refer to Adam Smith’s main works, in particular The Theory of Moral Sentiments, to question rational choice theory, where rationality is identified with the pursuit of self-interest. In the second part of this work, a simple experiment, commonly known as the Dictator game, is presented, where we test the participants' propensity to give and share. The game is played by children of six and nine years of age enrolled in two primary schools (one public, the other private) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. No subjects are related by blood and candies are used as payment resources. The results show that participants do not necessarily behave as self-interested players, contrary to conventional wisdom, but instead act in an altruistic way by offering something to the other player. Moreover, older children and children of higher socioeconomic status (identified in our experiment as those going to private school) behave more altruistically than younger children and children with lower socioeconomic status. Still, a majority of children from both public and private school display some level of altruistic behaviour from the youngest age. Our results corroborate empirical observations that the standard rational maximization model should not be taken for granted and, therefore, that it may not be a robust proxy for modelling human behaviour. Rather, the behavioural and experimental economics literature supports the idea that human motivations cannot be reduced to their most elementary form and that altruistic behaviour is indeed influenced by local socialization practices. Keywords: Altruism, Rationality, Adam Smith, Dictator game, Children, Socioeconomic status, Brazil.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/6489