The etymological meaning of the word “pragmatics”, which derives from the Greek “prâgma”, is ‘action’. This thesis makes use of pragmatics, that is language in action, to analyse communicative contexts in which language conveys discrimination against women, mainly focusing on ‘discursive injustice’ and ‘illocutionary silencing’. ‘Discursive injustice’ occurs when members of a disadvantaged group (by gender, race, sexual orientation, and religion) face a systematic inability to perform certain types of speech acts due to prejudices related to their social identity [Kukla, 2014], while the phenomenon of ‘illocutionary silencing’ occurs when a certain speech act is silenced, such as the speech act of ‘refusal’ by women [Langton, 1993]. The study is based on a corpus of four literary works; the choice to analyse works from English literature arose from the literary texts themselves, whose dialogues offer useful data to deepen the two pragmatic phenomena previously mentioned. Moreover, the works were written in different centuries, in such a way to be able to observe the evolution of ‘discursive injustice’ and ‘illocutionary silencing’ from a historical point of view. The first chapter presents a theoretical background to some basics of pragmatics, in particular Austin’s ‘speech acts theory’ (§1.1), Searle’s ‘speech acts theory’ (§ 1.2), and the notion of ‘meaning in interaction’ developed by Thomas (§1.3), in order to better understand the reframed theories in the next chapter (§ 2). The second chapter provides a theoretical foreground; first of all it describes how language and gender are interconnected, since language mirrors our image of the world, supporting the feminist view that language expresses the male perspective on reality (§ 2.1); secondly, after discussing ‘prejudice’ (§ 2.2.1) and derogatory epithets as speech acts (§ 2.2.2), it defines the notion of ‘discursive injustice’ given by Kukla (§ 2.2.3). In the end, the discussion moves on to Hornsby and Langton’s account of ‘illocutionary silencing’, which deals with ‘what women cannot do with words’, especially in pornographic contexts (§ 2.3). The third chapter aims at showing instances of ‘illocutionary silencing’ in English literature through the works of four different female authors who lived in different historical periods (§ 3.1); the first work analysed is the play ‘The Rover’ (1677) written by the playwright Aphra Behn, the second work is the well-known Austen’s novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’ (1813), the third is the short story ‘The Little Governess’ (1915) written by Katherine Mansfield, and the last one is the play ‘Blasted’ (1995) by the playwright Sarah Kane (§ 3.2). Finally, the fourth chapter aims at discussing all the instances in the light of the theories taken into consideration in § 2, giving strength to the theories of ‘discursive injustice’ and ‘illocutionary silencing’.
Il significato etimologico della parola “pragmatica” deriva dal greco “prâgma” , cioè “azione”. Questa tesi si avvale della pragmatica, di quell’agire del linguaggio per analizzare i contesti comunicativi in cui esso veicola discriminazione nei confronti delle donne, concentrandosi principalmente sui fenomeni di ‘ingiustizia discorsiva’ e ‘silenziamento illocutivo’. Il fenomeno dell’‘ingiustizia discorsiva’ si verifica quando i membri di un gruppo svantaggiato (per sesso, razza, orientamento sessuale e religione), si trovano di fronte ad un’incapacità sistematica di eseguire determinati tipi di atti linguistici a causa di pregiudizi legati alla loro identità sociale [Kukla, 2014], mentre il fenomeno del ‘silenziamento illocutivo’ si verifica quando un certo atto linguistico viene messo a tacere, come l’atto del ‘rifiuto’ da parte delle donne [Langton, 1993]. Lo studio si basa su un corpus di quattro opere letterarie; la scelta di analizzare opere della letteratura inglese è nata dagli stessi testi letterari, i cui dialoghi offrono dati utili per approfondire i due fenomeni pragmatici precedentemente menzionati. Inoltre, le opere sono state scritte in secoli diversi, in modo da poter osservare l’evoluzione dei due fenomeni dell’ingiustizia discorsiva’ e del ‘silenziamento illocutivo’ sotto un punto di vista storico. Il primo capitolo presenta uno sfondo teorico ad alcune nozioni base della pragmatica, in particolare la ‘teoria degli atti linguistici’ sviluppata da Austin (§1.1), la ‘teoria degli atti linguistici’ di Searle (§1.2) e la nozione di ‘significato nell’interazione’ definita da Thomas (§1.3), al fine di comprendere meglio le teorie riformulate nel capitolo successivo (§ 2). Il secondo capitolo fornisce le teorie in primo piano; prima di tutto descrive come la lingua e il genere siano interconnessi poiché il linguaggio rispecchia la nostra immagine del mondo, sostenendo la visione femminista secondo cui esso esprime la prospettiva maschile sulla realtà (§ 2.1); in secondo luogo, dopo aver discusso il termine “pregiudizio” (§ 2.2.1) e i casi di epiteti denigratori come atti linguistici (§ 2.2.2), si definisce la nozione di ‘ingiustizia discorsiva’ fornita da Kukla (§ 2.2.3). Alla fine la discussione passa all’assunto teorico proposto da Hornsby e Langton sul ‘silenziamento illocutivo’, ovvero su ‘ciò che le donne non possono fare con le parole’, soprattutto in contesti pornografici (§ 2.3). Il terzo capitolo si propone di mostrare esempi di ‘silenziamento illocutivo’ nella letteratura inglese attraverso le opere di quattro diverse autrici che hanno vissuto in periodi storici differenti (§ 3.1); la prima opera analizzata è la commedia ‘The Rover’ (1677) scritta dalla drammaturga Aphra Behn, la seconda è il famoso romanzo di Jane Austen ‘Orgoglio e Pregiudizio’ (1813), la terza è il racconto ‘The Little Governess’ (1915) scritto da Katherine Mansfield; l’ultima è l’opera ‘Blasted’ (1995) della drammaturga Sarah Kane (§ 3.2). Infine, il quarto capitolo si propone di discutere tutti gli esempi alla luce delle teorie prese in considerazione nel §2, rafforzando le teorie sull’’ingiustizia discorsiva’ e ‘silenziamento illocutivo’.
Cosa le donne non possono fare con le parole. Ingiustizia discorsiva e silenziamento illocutivo nella letteratura inglese
PELLINI, ELEONORA
2019/2020
Abstract
The etymological meaning of the word “pragmatics”, which derives from the Greek “prâgma”, is ‘action’. This thesis makes use of pragmatics, that is language in action, to analyse communicative contexts in which language conveys discrimination against women, mainly focusing on ‘discursive injustice’ and ‘illocutionary silencing’. ‘Discursive injustice’ occurs when members of a disadvantaged group (by gender, race, sexual orientation, and religion) face a systematic inability to perform certain types of speech acts due to prejudices related to their social identity [Kukla, 2014], while the phenomenon of ‘illocutionary silencing’ occurs when a certain speech act is silenced, such as the speech act of ‘refusal’ by women [Langton, 1993]. The study is based on a corpus of four literary works; the choice to analyse works from English literature arose from the literary texts themselves, whose dialogues offer useful data to deepen the two pragmatic phenomena previously mentioned. Moreover, the works were written in different centuries, in such a way to be able to observe the evolution of ‘discursive injustice’ and ‘illocutionary silencing’ from a historical point of view. The first chapter presents a theoretical background to some basics of pragmatics, in particular Austin’s ‘speech acts theory’ (§1.1), Searle’s ‘speech acts theory’ (§ 1.2), and the notion of ‘meaning in interaction’ developed by Thomas (§1.3), in order to better understand the reframed theories in the next chapter (§ 2). The second chapter provides a theoretical foreground; first of all it describes how language and gender are interconnected, since language mirrors our image of the world, supporting the feminist view that language expresses the male perspective on reality (§ 2.1); secondly, after discussing ‘prejudice’ (§ 2.2.1) and derogatory epithets as speech acts (§ 2.2.2), it defines the notion of ‘discursive injustice’ given by Kukla (§ 2.2.3). In the end, the discussion moves on to Hornsby and Langton’s account of ‘illocutionary silencing’, which deals with ‘what women cannot do with words’, especially in pornographic contexts (§ 2.3). The third chapter aims at showing instances of ‘illocutionary silencing’ in English literature through the works of four different female authors who lived in different historical periods (§ 3.1); the first work analysed is the play ‘The Rover’ (1677) written by the playwright Aphra Behn, the second work is the well-known Austen’s novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’ (1813), the third is the short story ‘The Little Governess’ (1915) written by Katherine Mansfield, and the last one is the play ‘Blasted’ (1995) by the playwright Sarah Kane (§ 3.2). Finally, the fourth chapter aims at discussing all the instances in the light of the theories taken into consideration in § 2, giving strength to the theories of ‘discursive injustice’ and ‘illocutionary silencing’.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/672