14 May 1948. The Palestinian exodus was fully underway, and the Israeli state was born in the midst of a war with the Palestinian Arabs and the close Arabic states; Israelis call it independence war, Palestinians and the Arab world refer to those events with the term al-Nakbah, “the catastrophe”. The declaration of independence of the Hebraic state represented the peak of a project formally started with the approval of the Basel Program during the first Zionist Congress in 1897. The first chapter focuses on the ideological roots of the Zionist enterprise, that took form in the context of European colonial expansionism, aiming at giving Hebraic people a shelter from the persecutions it had to face in the Old Continent. The first steps of Arabic nationalism are recalled, together with the arrival of the first Hebrew colonists in the Holy Land and their relations with the Arab community. The second chapter starts with the military events that led to the British occupation of Palestine. Included in the British mandate, The Balfour Declaration ratified London’s commitment for the creation of a “Hebraic national home” in the Holy Land. Attention is put on the British administration of Palestine during the 1920s, focusing the development of the Zionist community and the rise of the first tensions with the neighbouring Arab-Palestinian community. The third chapter opens with the events of the Arab revolt of 1936-1939, during which the report of the British commission Peel was made. The Arab refusal and the Zionist approval to the partition principle of Palestine predated a shift in the British approach towards the Arab world, a change of attitude that saw its basic justification in the coming of the second world conflict. With the loss of the Hebraic trust towards London, during the first half of the 1940s the Zionist leadership started to focus on Washington, increasing its influence at the White House. The Zionist armed groups in Palestine, in the meanwhile, were introducing the recourse to terrorism. After reaching their peak with the Baltimore Program of 1942, the Zionist protests underwent a strategic and voluntary reshaping, with the goal of acquiring American support; it was the fundamental step towards bringing again the partition principle to the top, that gained an unexpected support from the two superpowers at the top of the newly born Organization of the United Nations. The fourth chapter reconstructs the discussions within the Zionist leadership regarding the solution of the demographic problem in Palestine, due to the presence of a consistent Arab population on the territory where the Hebraic state was supposed to arise. The Palestinian exodus of 1947-1949 is the perspective from which it has been chosen to analyse the events of the independence war, described in the pages of chapter five. It is the origin of the Palestinian refugees issue, and through the contribution of two exponents of the “new Israeli historiography” the responsibilities of the different actors for such a dramatic outcome are reconstructed.
14 maggio 1948. L’esodo palestinese era in pieno svolgimento, e lo stato di Israele vide la luce nel bel mezzo di una guerra con gli arabi di Palestina e i vicini stati arabi; gli israeliani la chiamano guerra d’indipendenza, i palestinesi e il mondo arabo si riferiscono a quegli eventi con il termine al-Nakbah, “la catastrofe”. La Dichiarazione d’indipendenza dello stato ebraico rappresentò il culmine di un progetto avviatosi formalmente con l’approvazione del Programma di Basilea nel corso del primo Congresso sionista del 1897. Il capitolo I si concentra sulle radici ideologiche dell’impresa sionista, che prese forma nel contesto dell’espansionismo coloniale europeo, premurandosi di donare al popolo ebraico un rifugio dalle persecuzioni di cui esso era fatto oggetto nel vecchio continente. Si ripercorrono le fasi di formazione del nazionalismo arabo, nonché l’approdo dei primi coloni ebrei in Terra Santa e i loro rapporti con la comunità araba. Il capitolo II si apre con gli eventi bellici che condussero all’occupazione britannica della Palestina. Inclusa nel mandato britannico, la Dichiarazione Balfour sancì l’impegno di Londra all’instaurazione di un “focolare nazionale ebraico” in Terra Santa. L’attenzione si focalizza sull’amministrazione britannica della Palestina nel corso degli anni Venti, tenendo d’occhio lo sviluppo della comunità sionista e il sorgere delle prime tensioni con la vicina comunità arabo-palestinese. Ad aprire il capitolo III, gli anni della rivolta araba del 1936-1939, fra i quali si inserì il rapporto della commissione britannica Peel. Il rifiuto arabo e l’assenso sionista al principio di partizione della Palestina precedettero un mutamento dell’approccio britannico nei confronti del mondo arabo, un cambio di rotta che trovò la sua essenziale giustificazione nell’approssimarsi del secondo conflitto mondiale. Venuta meno la fiducia ebraica nei confronti di Londra, nel corso della prima metà degli anni Quaranta la leadership sionista rivolse le proprie attenzioni verso Washington, accrescendo la propria influenza presso la Casa Bianca. I gruppi armati sionisti in Palestina, frattanto, inauguravano il ricorso al terrorismo. Dopo aver toccato l’apice col Programma di Biltmore del 1942, le pretese sioniste subirono uno strategico e voluto ridimensionamento, finalizzato a guadagnare il sostegno americano; fu il passo fondamentale verso un ritorno in auge del principio di spartizione, che raccolse sorprendentemente il sostegno delle due superpotenze in seno alla neonata Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite. Il capitolo IV ricostruisce le discussioni in seno alla leadership sionista riguardanti la soluzione del problema demografico in Palestina, dovuto alla presenza di una consistente popolazione araba sul territorio in cui avrebbe dovuto sorgere lo stato ebraico. L’esodo palestinese del 1947-1949 è la prospettiva dalla quale si è scelto di analizzare gli eventi della guerra d’indipendenza, descritti nelle pagine del capitolo V. Fu la nascita del problema dei rifugiati palestinesi, e attraverso il contributo di due esponenti della “nuova storiografia” israeliana si ricostruiscono le responsabilità degli attori in campo nel determinare un tale drammatico esito.
Le origini della questione palestinese. Dalla nascita del sionismo politico alla svolta del 1947-1949.
CIARCELLUTI, MANUEL
2014/2015
Abstract
14 May 1948. The Palestinian exodus was fully underway, and the Israeli state was born in the midst of a war with the Palestinian Arabs and the close Arabic states; Israelis call it independence war, Palestinians and the Arab world refer to those events with the term al-Nakbah, “the catastrophe”. The declaration of independence of the Hebraic state represented the peak of a project formally started with the approval of the Basel Program during the first Zionist Congress in 1897. The first chapter focuses on the ideological roots of the Zionist enterprise, that took form in the context of European colonial expansionism, aiming at giving Hebraic people a shelter from the persecutions it had to face in the Old Continent. The first steps of Arabic nationalism are recalled, together with the arrival of the first Hebrew colonists in the Holy Land and their relations with the Arab community. The second chapter starts with the military events that led to the British occupation of Palestine. Included in the British mandate, The Balfour Declaration ratified London’s commitment for the creation of a “Hebraic national home” in the Holy Land. Attention is put on the British administration of Palestine during the 1920s, focusing the development of the Zionist community and the rise of the first tensions with the neighbouring Arab-Palestinian community. The third chapter opens with the events of the Arab revolt of 1936-1939, during which the report of the British commission Peel was made. The Arab refusal and the Zionist approval to the partition principle of Palestine predated a shift in the British approach towards the Arab world, a change of attitude that saw its basic justification in the coming of the second world conflict. With the loss of the Hebraic trust towards London, during the first half of the 1940s the Zionist leadership started to focus on Washington, increasing its influence at the White House. The Zionist armed groups in Palestine, in the meanwhile, were introducing the recourse to terrorism. After reaching their peak with the Baltimore Program of 1942, the Zionist protests underwent a strategic and voluntary reshaping, with the goal of acquiring American support; it was the fundamental step towards bringing again the partition principle to the top, that gained an unexpected support from the two superpowers at the top of the newly born Organization of the United Nations. The fourth chapter reconstructs the discussions within the Zionist leadership regarding the solution of the demographic problem in Palestine, due to the presence of a consistent Arab population on the territory where the Hebraic state was supposed to arise. The Palestinian exodus of 1947-1949 is the perspective from which it has been chosen to analyse the events of the independence war, described in the pages of chapter five. It is the origin of the Palestinian refugees issue, and through the contribution of two exponents of the “new Israeli historiography” the responsibilities of the different actors for such a dramatic outcome are reconstructed.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/7245