In this thesis I propose an analysis of the evolution of the use of social media within the context of American politics, in particular the American presidential elections, from 2008 to 2020. The fundamental question on which this thesis is based deals with how candidates presidential elections in the United States and related teams have decided to use social media, especially Facebook and Twitter. Doing a general analysis of social media within the time frame included in each of the presidential elections on Twitter and Facebook would be out of reach. My interest is therefore solely directed to the official pages of the candidates, in the time period concerning the given presidential election, both on Facebook and on Twitter. Based on a qualitative analysis obtained from previous studies used as sources, I try to investigate this evolution and hypothesize new possible scenarios for the future. Once the question I asked has been explained, an introduction to the context will be necessary. This introduction is covered in three separate chapters. The first is aimed at addressing the relationship between politics and media in the American context. This chapter addresses the role of the citizen, the concept of power and the positive sides of the introduction of social media. The next chapter is aimed at addressing the evolution of social media within American politics. The chapter starts from 1992, the year that ushered in a new era of electoral digital media, up to the present day. Finally, we do not forget to analyze the strategies used and their relationship with the public through the research tradition that has evolved over the years. The fourth and final chapter of this introduction investigates how social media influences political communication through various changes including that of the circulation of information, knowledge and civic engagement. Finally, it is concerned with providing examples of both convention and non-convention politics. Addressing the question of the method with which I will go to face this research, I will use the methodology offered by Golbeck, Grimes and Rogers in 2010 and subsequently perfected by Caplan in 2012, subsequently classifying the contents I obtained through the categories offered by the research conducted by Vaccare. In this chapter I do not forget to describe how I proceeded to obtain the sources themselves. The next four chapters will focus solely on a particular presidential election, starting from that of 2008 up to that of 2020. The chapters are structured precisely according to a given schedule: context, presidential campaign of the first candidate, presidential campaign of the second candidate, results, conclusion. Finally, in the tenth and last chapter I provide the conclusions by comparing the presidential election with the next one in order to examine the innovations put in place by the given election. The last paragraph of this chapter is aimed at providing hypotheses regarding a possible future use of social media by the American presidential campaigns.
In questa tesi propongo un’analisi dell’evoluzione dell’utilizzo dei social media all’interno del contesto della politica americana, in particolare le elezioni presidenziale americane, dal 2008 al 2020. Il quesito fondante su cui si basa questa tesi tratta come i candidati presidenziali nelle elezioni degli Stati Uniti e i relativi team abbiano deciso di utilizzare i social media, in particolare Facebook e Twitter. Fare un’analisi generale dei social media all’interno del periodo temporale compreso in ognuna delle elezioni presidenziali su Twitter e Facebook sarebbe fuori portata. Il mio interesse di conseguenza è unicamente rivolto alle pagine ufficiali dei candidati, nel periodo temporale riguardante la determinata elezione presidenziale, sia su Facebook che su Twitter. Basandomi su un’analisi qualitativa ricavata da precedenti studi utilizzati come fonti, cerco di indagare riguardo a questa evoluzione e ipotizzare nuovi possibili scenari per il futuro. Una volta spiegato il quesito da me posto sarà necessaria un’introduzione del contesto. Questa introduzione viene affrontata in tre capitoli separati. Il primo è volto ad affrontare il rapporto tra politica e media nel contesto americano. Questo capitolo affronta il ruolo del cittadino, il concetto di potere e i lati positivi dell’introduzione dei social media. Il capitolo successivo è volto ad affrontare l’evoluzione dei social media all’interno della politica americana. Il capitolo parte dal 1992, l’anno che inaugurò una nuova era dei media digitali elettorali, fino ai giorni nostri. Infine non si dimentica analizzare le strategie utilizzate e il rapporto di esse con il pubblico attraverso la tradizione di ricerca evolutasi nel corso degli anni. Il quarto e ultimo capitolo di questa introduzione indaga come i social media abbiano influenza la comunicazione politica attraverso vari cambiamenti tra cui quello della circolazione delle informazioni, della conoscenza e dell’impegno civico. Infine, si occupa di fornire esempi riguardo sia una politica più convenzione che non. Affrontando la questione del metodo con cui andrò ad affrontare questa ricerca, utilizzerò la metodologia offerta da Golbeck, Grimes e Rogers nel 2010 e successivamente perfezionata da Caplan nel 2012 classificando successivamente i contenuti da me ricavati attraverso le categorie offerte dalle ricerche condotte da Vaccare. In questo capitolo non dimentico di descrivere come ho provveduto a procurarmi le fonti stesse. I successivi quattro capitoli saranno incentrati unicamente su una particolare elezione presidenziale, partendo da quella del 2008 fino a quella del 2020. I capitoli si strutturano precisamente secondo una data scaletta: contesto, campagna presidenziale del primo candidato, campagna presidenziale del secondo candidato, risultati, conclusione. Infine, nel decimo e ultimo capitolo fornisco le conclusioni paragonando l’elezione presidenziale con la successiva in modo da sviscerare le novità poste in essere dalla data elezione. L’ultimo paragrafo di questo capitolo è volto a fornire ipotesi riguardo un possibile futuro utilizzo dei social media da parte delle campagne presidenziali americane.
Evoluzione e utilizzo dei social media nella politica americana
TAGLIATTI, MATTEO
2019/2020
Abstract
In this thesis I propose an analysis of the evolution of the use of social media within the context of American politics, in particular the American presidential elections, from 2008 to 2020. The fundamental question on which this thesis is based deals with how candidates presidential elections in the United States and related teams have decided to use social media, especially Facebook and Twitter. Doing a general analysis of social media within the time frame included in each of the presidential elections on Twitter and Facebook would be out of reach. My interest is therefore solely directed to the official pages of the candidates, in the time period concerning the given presidential election, both on Facebook and on Twitter. Based on a qualitative analysis obtained from previous studies used as sources, I try to investigate this evolution and hypothesize new possible scenarios for the future. Once the question I asked has been explained, an introduction to the context will be necessary. This introduction is covered in three separate chapters. The first is aimed at addressing the relationship between politics and media in the American context. This chapter addresses the role of the citizen, the concept of power and the positive sides of the introduction of social media. The next chapter is aimed at addressing the evolution of social media within American politics. The chapter starts from 1992, the year that ushered in a new era of electoral digital media, up to the present day. Finally, we do not forget to analyze the strategies used and their relationship with the public through the research tradition that has evolved over the years. The fourth and final chapter of this introduction investigates how social media influences political communication through various changes including that of the circulation of information, knowledge and civic engagement. Finally, it is concerned with providing examples of both convention and non-convention politics. Addressing the question of the method with which I will go to face this research, I will use the methodology offered by Golbeck, Grimes and Rogers in 2010 and subsequently perfected by Caplan in 2012, subsequently classifying the contents I obtained through the categories offered by the research conducted by Vaccare. In this chapter I do not forget to describe how I proceeded to obtain the sources themselves. The next four chapters will focus solely on a particular presidential election, starting from that of 2008 up to that of 2020. The chapters are structured precisely according to a given schedule: context, presidential campaign of the first candidate, presidential campaign of the second candidate, results, conclusion. Finally, in the tenth and last chapter I provide the conclusions by comparing the presidential election with the next one in order to examine the innovations put in place by the given election. The last paragraph of this chapter is aimed at providing hypotheses regarding a possible future use of social media by the American presidential campaigns.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/770