This analytical model-based master thesis provides a detailed analysis of horizontal mergers under different kinds of uncertainty. The core of this work is to elaborate on the main scientific question: "How does profitability, decision-making and welfare change when uncertainty impacts horizontal mergers?" To answer this question, the actions of merging and non-merging firms as well as the antitrust authority are analyzed within three different strands of merger literature. This thesis elaborates, extends and applies economic sequential quantity competition-models under uncertainty. Furthermore, by using the Fudenberg-Tirole (1984) taxonomy of business strategies, different strategic motives for horizontal mergers are presented. The following conclusions can be drawn: First, when comparing the obtained results with the "merger paradox", it can be seen that under uncertainty, the "merger paradox" can be resolved. Second, under a sequential gaming structure with private signal transmittance, the merging insiders as well as the signal receiving outsiders obtain a higher expected profitability with increasing uncertainty. In addition, with information asymmetry, overall expected profits are higher compared to a scenario with a symmetric information structure. As to the effects on welfare, both expected aggregate welfare and expected consumer surplus increase with uncertainty. Third, with asymmetric firms, an increase in the degree of uncertainty concerning future efficiency gains benefits both, the merging insiders as well as the non-merging outsiders. However, the non-merging outsiders take advantage of the fact that high uncertainty decreases the merging firms’ stability. In addition, it increases the likelihood of free riding and thus to benefit from a merger by not merging. Fourth, by analyzing the strategic interrelation of horizontal mergers over time, behavioral consequences for two different groups of firms have been examined. In order to increase profitability, asymmetric firms should merge and prevent/trigger the merger of a rival or they should not merge in order to trigger/not trigger a rivals' merger. A welfare analysis has been conducted using the Farrell-Shapiro-framework (1991) suggesting that the antitrust authority should approve a welfare reducing merger if a subsequent merger would be even more welfare-reducing than the first merger. To sum up, uncertainty is not a factor that inhibits firms from merging. In contrast, uncertainty is a driving component in the context of horizontal mergers in promising higher expected profitabilities. However, whether the decision to merge based on uncertainty is welfare increasing in the long term, has yet to be confirmed.
Questa tesi è basata su modelli analitici e prevede un’analisi dettagliata di fusioni orizzontali in diverse condizioni d’incertezza. Il cuore di questo lavoro è l’elaborazione della domanda centrale: “Come cambiano i profitti, il benessere sociale e le decisioni prese dagli attori principali quando le fusioni orizzontali vengono influenzate dall’incertezza sul futuro?” Dunque, le azioni di imprese in fase di fusione, di altre imprese non-fondenti e delle autorità antitrust vengono analizzate riferendosi a tre filoni della letteratura di fusioni. Questa tesi elabora, estende e applica modelli sequenziali di competizione di quantità in condizioni d’incertezza. Ulteriormente, usando la tassonomia di strategie aziendale di Fundenberg-Tirole (1984), saranno presentati diversi motivi strategici. Si possono trarre le seguenti conclusioni: Innanzitutto, paragonando i risultati ottenuti con il “paradosso delle fusioni” si osserva che, in condizioni d’incertezza questo “paradosso delle fusioni” può essere risolto. Secondariamente, usando una struttura di giochi sequenziali con trasmissioni di segnali privati, gli “insider” delle fusioni e gli “outsider”, che ricevono i segnali, ottengono profitti attesi che crescono con il livello d’incertezza. D’altronde, con asimmetria d’informazione, i profitti complessivi sono più alti che in uno scenario con una distribuzione di informazioni simmetrica. In termini di prosperità, il benessere sociale totale e la rendita dei consumatori crescono con il livello d’incertezza. In terzo luogo, con aziende asimmetriche, un aumento del livello d’incertezza su guadagni di efficienza nel futuro è favorevole non solo per gli insider della fusione ma anche per gli outsider. Comunque, gli outsider senza intenzione di fusione approfittano del fatto che un alto livello d’incertezza riduce la stabilità delle aziende fondenti. D’altra parte, un alto livello d’incertezza aumenta la probabilità di comportamenti free ride e per questo anche il vantaggio di non fondersi in una situazione di fusione. Quarto, analizzando le relazioni strategiche di diverse fusioni orizzontali nel tempo, sono state esaminate le conseguenze per la condotta di due gruppi diversi diimprese. Per aumentare i profitti, aziende asimmetriche dovrebbero fondersi e impedire/ innescare una fusione di un concorrente o dovrebbero non fondersi per impedilo/ innescarlo. È stata condotta un’analisi di benessere sociale usando il quadro d’analisi di Farrell-Shapiro (1991) che indica come le autorità antitrust dovrebbero approvare una fusione che riduce il benessere sociale se una fusione successiva avesse un effetto ancora più negativo sul benessere. Concludendo, l’incertezza non è un fattore che impedisce alle imprese di fondersi. Al contrario, l’incertezza è una componente chiave nel contesto di fusioni orizzontali promettendo profitti attesi più alti. Comunque, se la decisione di fondersi, basata su delle condizioni d’incertezza, aumenta il benessere sociale nel lungo termine, deve ancora essere confermato.
Analysis of Horizontal Mergers under Uncertainty
SUESSE, JOHANNES
2014/2015
Abstract
This analytical model-based master thesis provides a detailed analysis of horizontal mergers under different kinds of uncertainty. The core of this work is to elaborate on the main scientific question: "How does profitability, decision-making and welfare change when uncertainty impacts horizontal mergers?" To answer this question, the actions of merging and non-merging firms as well as the antitrust authority are analyzed within three different strands of merger literature. This thesis elaborates, extends and applies economic sequential quantity competition-models under uncertainty. Furthermore, by using the Fudenberg-Tirole (1984) taxonomy of business strategies, different strategic motives for horizontal mergers are presented. The following conclusions can be drawn: First, when comparing the obtained results with the "merger paradox", it can be seen that under uncertainty, the "merger paradox" can be resolved. Second, under a sequential gaming structure with private signal transmittance, the merging insiders as well as the signal receiving outsiders obtain a higher expected profitability with increasing uncertainty. In addition, with information asymmetry, overall expected profits are higher compared to a scenario with a symmetric information structure. As to the effects on welfare, both expected aggregate welfare and expected consumer surplus increase with uncertainty. Third, with asymmetric firms, an increase in the degree of uncertainty concerning future efficiency gains benefits both, the merging insiders as well as the non-merging outsiders. However, the non-merging outsiders take advantage of the fact that high uncertainty decreases the merging firms’ stability. In addition, it increases the likelihood of free riding and thus to benefit from a merger by not merging. Fourth, by analyzing the strategic interrelation of horizontal mergers over time, behavioral consequences for two different groups of firms have been examined. In order to increase profitability, asymmetric firms should merge and prevent/trigger the merger of a rival or they should not merge in order to trigger/not trigger a rivals' merger. A welfare analysis has been conducted using the Farrell-Shapiro-framework (1991) suggesting that the antitrust authority should approve a welfare reducing merger if a subsequent merger would be even more welfare-reducing than the first merger. To sum up, uncertainty is not a factor that inhibits firms from merging. In contrast, uncertainty is a driving component in the context of horizontal mergers in promising higher expected profitabilities. However, whether the decision to merge based on uncertainty is welfare increasing in the long term, has yet to be confirmed.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
Per maggiori informazioni e per verifiche sull'eventuale disponibilità del file scrivere a: unitesi@unipv.it.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/7745