Numerous experts in the field of innovation, while studying the impact of technological trends on different productive sectors, confirmed that the internet infrastructure was an innovation with increasingly disruptive developments. The same concept is now being applied to distributed ledgers (DLT) and blockchain technologies, which have laid the foundations for a new concept of market and its economic players. The possibility of storing monetary transactions permanently and anonymously, without the supervision of a supervisor authority, is one of the various applications available. Digital economy companies were the first to apply these technologies and to transform their business model while soon after others, committed in sectors such as finance, entertainment, transport and donations, created new ones from scratch. In the last decade, every entrepreneurial initiative, that was designed on a DLT or a blockchain, made use of encrypted and immutable virtual identities which were associated with a specific purpose and therefore a certain value. These digital or virtual tokens, from where comes the terms token economy or tokenomics, were primarily used as virtual currency or cryptocurrency, making the Bitcoin so popular (or the opposite?). Subsequently were issued utility tokens that had the purpose to trade the access to services available on digital platforms or finally issued as a security asset for different purposes such as fundraising activities. The DLT and blockchain architectures are constantly evolving and changing towards greater efficiency, effecting the following applied business models. The applications in financial and legal fields are not yet included in a specific jurisdiction that would allow the regulation of such activities, which have often proved to be fraudulent. In some of the most developed economic areas of the world, the crypto-assets phenomenon is under observation, while in others countries have been taken decisions that differs from a complete prohibition to a total assimilation. The Initial Coin Offering (ICO) is one of the operations based on DLT or blockchain technology that allows fundraising activities for an entrepreneurial project, by issuing utility tokens instead of a security or an equity token. The aim of the thesis is to analyse the aspects of DLT and blockchain technologies and their subsequent natural evolution on real business applications achieved through a tokenization process. In particular, is expected to identify the main success factors of ICOs and in which contexts there are assumptions of hidden fraudulent purposes.
Numerosi esperti nel campo dell’innovazione, studiando l’impatto delle tendenze tecnologiche sui vari settori produttivi, confermarono che l’utilizzo dell’infrastruttura internet sia stata un’innovazione dagli sviluppi sempre più dirompenti. Stesso concetto viene applicato alle tecnologie delle distributed ledgers (DLT) e della blockchain le quali hanno posto le fondamenta per un nuovo concetto di scambio di beni e dei suoi protagonisti economici. La possibilità di memorizzare in modo indelebile e anonimo le transazioni monetarie senza la supervisione di un’autorità garante è una tra le innumerevoli applicazioni disponibili. Le imprese dell’economia digitale sono state le prime ad applicare tali tecnologie e a trasformare il loro modello di business, altre ne hanno originato di nuovi anche nei settori della finanza, intrattenimento, trasporti e delle donazioni. Nell’ultimo decennio, le iniziative imprenditoriali progettate su una tipologia di DLT o blockchain utilizzavano un’identità virtuale criptata ed immutabile a cui veniva associato un determinato scopo e quindi valore. Tali gettoni digitali, denominati digital o virtual tokens da cui token economy, furono in primis impiegate come monete di scambio virtuale di cui il Bitcoin ne è l’esempio principe. Successivamente vennero emessi token di utilità sottoforma di passe-partout per l’accesso ai servizi messi a disposizione su piattaforme digitali oppure elargiti come strumenti di debito emessi durante una raccolta di fondi. Le architetture DLT e blockchain continuano ad evolversi e mutare verso una maggiore efficienza riflettendosi anche sui conseguenti modelli di business applicati. Le applicazioni nel campo finanziario e legale non rientrano ancora in una determinata connotazione giuridica che permetta da regolare le loro attività che spesso si sono dimostrate a scopo fraudolento. In alcune delle più sviluppate aree economiche del mondo, il fenomeno delle crypto-risorse sono in fase di osservazione, mentre in alcuni paesi sono stati adoperate divergenti decisioni nel merito, dal completo divieto alla loro totale assimilazione. L’Initial Coin Offering (ICO) è una di queste attività sopraccitate basate sulla tecnologia DLT o blockchain che permette la raccolta di fondi per un progetto imprenditoriale attraverso l’emissione di un token ti utilità e non di debito o investimento (i quali implicherebbero diritti legati alla partecipazione societaria o alla proprietà). L’obiettivo della tesi è analizzare gli aspetti delle tecnologie DLT e blockchain e la loro naturale evoluzione in applicazioni concrete di business attraverso un processo di tokenizzazione (tokenization). In particolare, si vuole individuare i fattori principali di successo delle ICO e in quali contesti queste possono nascondere fini fraudolenti.
The token economy described through an empirical analysis of the Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) market defined by opportunities and frauds
ALEXEI, DANIEL
2018/2019
Abstract
Numerous experts in the field of innovation, while studying the impact of technological trends on different productive sectors, confirmed that the internet infrastructure was an innovation with increasingly disruptive developments. The same concept is now being applied to distributed ledgers (DLT) and blockchain technologies, which have laid the foundations for a new concept of market and its economic players. The possibility of storing monetary transactions permanently and anonymously, without the supervision of a supervisor authority, is one of the various applications available. Digital economy companies were the first to apply these technologies and to transform their business model while soon after others, committed in sectors such as finance, entertainment, transport and donations, created new ones from scratch. In the last decade, every entrepreneurial initiative, that was designed on a DLT or a blockchain, made use of encrypted and immutable virtual identities which were associated with a specific purpose and therefore a certain value. These digital or virtual tokens, from where comes the terms token economy or tokenomics, were primarily used as virtual currency or cryptocurrency, making the Bitcoin so popular (or the opposite?). Subsequently were issued utility tokens that had the purpose to trade the access to services available on digital platforms or finally issued as a security asset for different purposes such as fundraising activities. The DLT and blockchain architectures are constantly evolving and changing towards greater efficiency, effecting the following applied business models. The applications in financial and legal fields are not yet included in a specific jurisdiction that would allow the regulation of such activities, which have often proved to be fraudulent. In some of the most developed economic areas of the world, the crypto-assets phenomenon is under observation, while in others countries have been taken decisions that differs from a complete prohibition to a total assimilation. The Initial Coin Offering (ICO) is one of the operations based on DLT or blockchain technology that allows fundraising activities for an entrepreneurial project, by issuing utility tokens instead of a security or an equity token. The aim of the thesis is to analyse the aspects of DLT and blockchain technologies and their subsequent natural evolution on real business applications achieved through a tokenization process. In particular, is expected to identify the main success factors of ICOs and in which contexts there are assumptions of hidden fraudulent purposes.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/8545