In the last decades, the development of international law related to indigenous rights has been rapid. Since the 1980s, a number of indigenous individual and collective rights have found recognition in different international frameworks and legal instruments. Among these, the most notable is the right to the collective property of the land. Unfortunately, the legal situation of indigenous groups remains fragmented, depending on the area of the world where they live. Very often, they continue to occupy their ancestral territory without a formal recognition of their title on it. As a consequence, they remain the most vulnerable subjects with regard to abuses committed by States or private companies in the name of economic development. The present work analyses how indigenous peoples’ collective property rights are treated in the regional systems of protection of human rights present in Europe, Americas and Africa. The comparison takes into consideration the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, of the European Court of Justice, of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. The focus is on two main research questions. Firstly, which kind of good is protected under the right to property? Secondly, who are the subjects entitled to bring a case before the regional courts for violations of property rights? The comparative study clearly shows that the Inter-American system of protection of human rights has been a propulsive force for the progressive recognition of indigenous rights in international law. The African Commission, taking inspiration from the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, is moving in the same direction. On the contrary, the European system remains deaf to indigenous claims, and there is little hope that such approach will change in the future. The only exception may be, in this regard, the Court of Justice of the European Union.
Negli ultimi decenni vi è stato un rapido sviluppo del diritto internazionale in materia di diritti degli indigeni. Dagli anni Ottanta, numerosi diritti individuali e collettivi sono stati riconosciuti ai popoli indigeni in diversi contesti e strumenti internazionali. Tra questi, il più importante è sicuramente il diritto collettivo di proprietà della terra. Purtroppo, la situazione legale dei gruppi indigeni rimane frammentaria, a seconda dell’area geografica di appartenenza. Spesso essi continuano a occupare i loro territori ancestrali in assenza di un riconoscimento formale dei loro titoli di proprietà e, di conseguenza, risultano i soggetti più vulnerabili di fronte ad abusi commessi dallo Stato a da terze parti in nome dello sviluppo economico. Il lavoro analizza il modo in cui i diritti collettivi dei popoli indigeni sono trattati nei sistemi regionali di protezione dei diritti umani presenti in Europa, nelle Americhe e in Africa. La comparazione prende in considerazione la giurisprudenza della Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo, della Corte di giustizia dell’Unione Europea, della Corte inter-americana dei diritti dell’uomo, e della Commissione africana. L’attenzione è focalizzata su due filoni principali di ricerca. Innanzitutto, quale genere di bene è protetto dal diritto di proprietà? Secondo, quali soggetti possono portare un caso di fronte a una corte regionale in caso di violazioni del diritto di proprietà? Lo studio comparato mostra chiaramente quanto il sistema inter-americano di protezione dei diritti umani sia stato una forza propulsiva per il riconoscimento progressivo dei diritti degli indigeni nel diritto internazionale. La Commissione Africana, ispirandosi alla giurisprudenza della Corte inter-americana dei diritti umani, si sta orientando nella medesima direzione. Al contrario, il sistema europeo rimane sordo alle rivendicazioni indigene, e vi è poca speranza che tale approccio cambi nel prossimo futuro. La sola eccezione potrebbe essere rappresentata, a questo proposito, dalla Corte di giustizia dell’Unione Europea.
Indigenous peoples' collective property rights in Europe, the Americas and Africa. A comparative study
FACCHINETTI, ANNA
2015/2016
Abstract
In the last decades, the development of international law related to indigenous rights has been rapid. Since the 1980s, a number of indigenous individual and collective rights have found recognition in different international frameworks and legal instruments. Among these, the most notable is the right to the collective property of the land. Unfortunately, the legal situation of indigenous groups remains fragmented, depending on the area of the world where they live. Very often, they continue to occupy their ancestral territory without a formal recognition of their title on it. As a consequence, they remain the most vulnerable subjects with regard to abuses committed by States or private companies in the name of economic development. The present work analyses how indigenous peoples’ collective property rights are treated in the regional systems of protection of human rights present in Europe, Americas and Africa. The comparison takes into consideration the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, of the European Court of Justice, of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. The focus is on two main research questions. Firstly, which kind of good is protected under the right to property? Secondly, who are the subjects entitled to bring a case before the regional courts for violations of property rights? The comparative study clearly shows that the Inter-American system of protection of human rights has been a propulsive force for the progressive recognition of indigenous rights in international law. The African Commission, taking inspiration from the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, is moving in the same direction. On the contrary, the European system remains deaf to indigenous claims, and there is little hope that such approach will change in the future. The only exception may be, in this regard, the Court of Justice of the European Union.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/9042