At first glance they seem distant and above all independent: Cinema and Medicine, in the course of their evolution, have met and clashed numerous times, finding points in common and mutual food for thought that have allowed them to approach the public in an empathic and objectively effective way. . The recent medical discipline has relied on the cinematographic means of communication for therapeutic purposes since its origins: cinema has also evolved over the years in the medical field, influenced in its specifications and the various scripts, especially as regards the role of the doctor. and the patient received in the eyes of society. That cinema and medicine are linked by a red thread had already been hypothesized by the Lumiére brothers themselves, who considered the cinema an invention of certain scientific interest, while they saw in an uncertain - not to say absent - a commercial future for the same. . In an interview in 1954, Auguste recalled having devoted himself "to biology, physiology, pathology and medicine": he was one of the first proponents of humoral medicine, as well as the author of over forty volumes on medical topics; he also appeared in the costume of a doctor in the 1922 film Pasteur, directed by Jean Epstein. Not only did these biomedical interests originate the idea of "using cinema as a tool for investigation, research, dissemination, documentation or propaganda in medical-scientific studies", but the contributions of the Lumiére brothers involved "microphotography (with ) the autochrome technique, which allowed the first colour images of germs and tubercles. […] Since 1896 they have dealt with X-rays and produced negatives thanks to which the first radio-cinematographic shots were possible ». In the following decades, the paths of scientific-clinical cinema and those of origin cinema continued to exist through osmosis of forms, models and mutual attention; consequently, the relationship between Cinema and Medicine has also developed in a therapeutic sense, as well as a documentary one: already in 1917 Fred W. Philips, in an article entitled The therapeutic value of the film, hypothesized that Cinema could constitute a particular drug - as well as economic, in a sense - effectiveness. Obviously, the idea was more fought than supported by the doctors themselves, who indeed affirm that the cinema was able to cause innumerable evils, starting from cineophthalmia (ocular syndrome from the twinkling of light in the hall) to mental illnesses (developed the idea of a cinema "brain-sucking, drinker of souls, kidnapper of consciences"). Only in recent years have the fruits of Philips' theory been recognized, first in the United States and subsequently in Italy: in fact, we have begun to talk about MediCinema and CineTerapia, whose precursor would be Dr Gary Solomon, author of The motion picture prescription: Watch this movie and call me in the morning. 200 movies to help you heal life's problems - however, we must not forget the strong influence that the cinema therapeutic and medical-cinematographic methodology has had on the feminist movement: an important production is represented by CinemaTerapia. There is a film for every mood by Nancy Peske and Beverly West, a manual for the self-conscious and psycho-reparative use of cinema by women in crisis, according to which "a good film is like a soothing tonic".
A primo acchito sembrano distanti e soprattutto indipendenti: Cinema e Medicina, nel corso della loro evoluzione, si sono incontrati e scontrati numerose volte, trovando punti in comune e reciproci spunti di riflessione che hanno loro permesso di approcciarsi al pubblico in maniera empatica e oggettivamente efficace. La recente disciplina medica si è appoggiata al mezzo di comunicazione cinematografico a fini terapeutici sin dalle origini: il Cinema si è evoluto nel corso degli anni anche in campo medico, influenzato nelle sue specifiche e nelle varie sceneggiature, soprattutto per quanto concerne il ruolo del medico e del paziente recepiti agli occhi della società. Che il Cinema e la Medicina siano legati da un filo rosso era già stato ipotizzato dagli stessi fratelli Lumiére, che consideravano il cinematografo un’invenzione dal sicuro interesse scientifico, mentre vedevano in maniera incerta – per non dire assente – un futuro commerciale per lo stesso. In un’intervista del 1954, Auguste ricordò di essersi dedicato «alla biologia, alla fisiologia, alla patologia e alla medicina»: fu per l’appunto uno dei primi fautori della medicina umorale, nonché autore di oltre quaranta volumi di argomento medico; comparve inoltre nel costume di medico nel film Pasteur del 1922, per la regia di Jean Epstein. Non solo da questi interessi biomedicali si originò un’idea di «utilizzo del cinema come strumento di indagine, ricerca, divulgazione, documentazione o propaganda nell’ambito di studi medico-scientifici», ma i contributi dei fratelli Lumiére coinvolsero «la microfotografia (con) la tecnica dell’auto chrome, che permise le prime immagini a colori di germi e tubercoli. […] Fin dal 1896 si occuparono di raggi X e produssero negativi grazie ai quali furono possibili le prime riprese radio-cinematografiche». Nei decenni successivi le strade del cinema scientifico-clinico e quelle del cinema d’origine hanno continuato ad esistere tramite un’osmosi di forme, modelli e attenzioni reciproche; di conseguenza, il rapporto tra Cinema e Medicina si è sviluppato anche in senso terapeutico, oltre che documentativo: già nel 1917 Fred W. Philips, in un articolo intitolato Il valore terapeutico del film ipotizzò che il Cinema potesse costituire un farmaco di particolare – nonché economica, in un certo senso – efficacia. Ovviamente l’idea fu più combattuta che appoggiata dai medici stessi, che affermano anzi che il Cinema fosse in grado di provocare innumerevoli mali, a partire dalla cineoftalmia (sindrome oculare da scintillio della luce in sala) fino alle malattie mentali (si sviluppò l’idea di un Cinema «succhiatore di cervelli, bevitore di anime, rapitore di coscienze»). Soltanto in anni recenti si sono ravvisati i frutti della teoria di Philips, dapprima negli Stati Uniti e conseguentemente in Italia: si è cominciato infatti a parlare di MediCinema e di CineTerapia, il cui precursore sarebbe il dottor Gary Solomon, autore di The motion picture prescription: Watch this movie and call me in the morning. 200 movies to help you heal life’s problems – non bisogna però dimenticare la forte influenza che la metodologia cinematerapeutica e medico-cinematografica ha avuto sul movimento femminista: una produzione di rilievo è rappresentata da CinemaTerapia. C’è un film per ogni stato d’animo di Nancy Peske e Beverly West, manuale per l’utilizzo autocoscienziale e psicoriparativo del Cinema da parte delle donne in crisi, secondo le quali «una buona pellicola è come un ricostituente lenitivo».
Percorsi tra Cinema e Medicina. Corpo, mente e cura.
VARESI, PAOLA
2019/2020
Abstract
At first glance they seem distant and above all independent: Cinema and Medicine, in the course of their evolution, have met and clashed numerous times, finding points in common and mutual food for thought that have allowed them to approach the public in an empathic and objectively effective way. . The recent medical discipline has relied on the cinematographic means of communication for therapeutic purposes since its origins: cinema has also evolved over the years in the medical field, influenced in its specifications and the various scripts, especially as regards the role of the doctor. and the patient received in the eyes of society. That cinema and medicine are linked by a red thread had already been hypothesized by the Lumiére brothers themselves, who considered the cinema an invention of certain scientific interest, while they saw in an uncertain - not to say absent - a commercial future for the same. . In an interview in 1954, Auguste recalled having devoted himself "to biology, physiology, pathology and medicine": he was one of the first proponents of humoral medicine, as well as the author of over forty volumes on medical topics; he also appeared in the costume of a doctor in the 1922 film Pasteur, directed by Jean Epstein. Not only did these biomedical interests originate the idea of "using cinema as a tool for investigation, research, dissemination, documentation or propaganda in medical-scientific studies", but the contributions of the Lumiére brothers involved "microphotography (with ) the autochrome technique, which allowed the first colour images of germs and tubercles. […] Since 1896 they have dealt with X-rays and produced negatives thanks to which the first radio-cinematographic shots were possible ». In the following decades, the paths of scientific-clinical cinema and those of origin cinema continued to exist through osmosis of forms, models and mutual attention; consequently, the relationship between Cinema and Medicine has also developed in a therapeutic sense, as well as a documentary one: already in 1917 Fred W. Philips, in an article entitled The therapeutic value of the film, hypothesized that Cinema could constitute a particular drug - as well as economic, in a sense - effectiveness. Obviously, the idea was more fought than supported by the doctors themselves, who indeed affirm that the cinema was able to cause innumerable evils, starting from cineophthalmia (ocular syndrome from the twinkling of light in the hall) to mental illnesses (developed the idea of a cinema "brain-sucking, drinker of souls, kidnapper of consciences"). Only in recent years have the fruits of Philips' theory been recognized, first in the United States and subsequently in Italy: in fact, we have begun to talk about MediCinema and CineTerapia, whose precursor would be Dr Gary Solomon, author of The motion picture prescription: Watch this movie and call me in the morning. 200 movies to help you heal life's problems - however, we must not forget the strong influence that the cinema therapeutic and medical-cinematographic methodology has had on the feminist movement: an important production is represented by CinemaTerapia. There is a film for every mood by Nancy Peske and Beverly West, a manual for the self-conscious and psycho-reparative use of cinema by women in crisis, according to which "a good film is like a soothing tonic".È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/927