Economic migrants has largely remained outside the international protection regimes of refugee and human rights law. Nevertheless, recent case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR or European Court) opens up limited possibilities for them to rely on Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which prohibits torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Therefore the main purpose of this thesis is been to assess whether and under which circumstances the removal (refoulement) to a situation of socio-economic deprivation would violate Article 3 ECHR. The thesis consists of five Chapters. Before going into the core of the research, Chapter 1 provides a general framework of the fundamental concepts in order to be able to contextualize the analysis of the jurisprudence of the European Court concerning the removal to a situation of socio-economic deprivation. In the subsequent Chapters, a doctrinal legal analysis of the most remarkable judgements of the European Court in that respect has been carried out. For the first time in 1997, in the case D. v the United Kingdom, a third-country national challenged his removal on the ground of the poor socio-economic conditions (lack of vital medical treatment) awaiting him upon return. While ruling in favour of the applicant, the Court emphasised the very exceptional character of his situation as an applicant affected by a fatal illness at a critical stage of deterioration. The evolution of the "very exceptional circumstances" test has been considered in Chapter 2 through a case-law analysis in order to provide a critical overview of the constitutive elements of this test and the reasons given by the Court in order to justify it. After almost twenty years of application, the "very exceptional circumstances" test has been recently relaxed in the case Paposhvili v Belgium and, on October 2019, the Court has delivered a fresh judgment in the case Savran v Denmark which represents the first implementation of the new standard set out in Paposhvili. These two cases concerning the expulsion of seriously ill aliens has been considered in Chapter 5 in order to provide a critical overview of Court's innovative approach and to evaluate whether and the extent to which the "very exceptional circumstances" test is still standing. In contrast to the restrictive approach adopted towards seriously ill aliens, the Court has adopted a completely different and more expansive approach in cases concerning intra-european ("Dublin") transfers of asylum seekers. The cases M.S.S. v Belgium and Greece and Tarakhel v Switzerland have been examined in Chapter 3 in order to identify the differences between the approach adopted by the Court in these cases compared to that adopted in cases concerning the expulsion of seriously ill aliens and to identify the main obstacles regarding the possibility of extending the court's approach in M.S.S. to non-refoulement cases which have a socio-economic dimension. Soon after M.S.S., the Court had been faced with two applications submitted by third country nationals who tried to rely on the protection's threshold set out in M.S.S. in order to avoid the removal to their respective countries of origin. The cases Sufi and Elmi v the United Kingdom and S.H.H. v United Kingdom pertain to the issue of the refoulement to a situation of socio-economic deprivation but differ from the cases concerning the expulsion of seriously ill aliens because the applicants were not affected by a naturally occurring illness and the breakdown of the home countries' welfare system was connected to a situation of armed conflict. These two judgements had been considered in Chapter 4 in order to provide a critical overview on the Court's considerations as to relationship between these two cases, cases concerning the expulsion of seriously ill aliens and M.S.S. v Belgium and Greece.
I migranti economici sono rimasti in gran parte esclusi dal regime di protezione dei rifugiati e dei beneficiari di protezione complementare. Tuttavia, la recente giurisprudenza della Corte Europea dei Diritti dell'uomo (CEDU) offre loro limitate possibilità di fare affidamento sull'Articolo 3 della Convenzione, che vieta la tortura e trattamenti o pene inumani o degradanti. Pertanto, l'obiettivo principale di questa tesi è stato quello di valutare se ed in quali circostanze il respingimento (refoulement) verso una situazione di privazione socio-economica possa violare l'Articolo 3 della Convenzione. La tesi si compone di cinque capitoli. Prima di entrare nello sviluppo della ricerca, il Capitolo 1 fornisce un inquadramento dei concetti essenziali per contestualizzare teoricamente l'analisi della giurisprudenza della Corte europea. Nei capitoli successivi è stata condotta un'analisi dottrinale giuridica delle sentenze più rilevanti della Corte europea a tale riguardo. Per la prima volta nel 1997, nel caso D. c. Regno Unito, un cittadino di un paese terzo ha contestato la sua espulsione sulla base delle povere condizioni socio-economiche (mancanza di cure mediche vitali) che lo attendevano al ritorno nel suo paese di origine. Pur essendosi pronunciata a favore del ricorrente, la Corte ha sottolineato il carattere eccezionale della sua specifica situazione quale straniero affetto da una malattia mortale in una fase critica di deterioramento. L'evoluzione del cd. test delle "eccezionali circostanze" è stato esaminato nel Capitolo 2 attraverso un'analisi giurisprudenziale finalizzata a fornire una panoramica critica degli elementi costitutivi di questo test e delle ragioni addotte dalla Corte per giustificarlo. Dopo quasi vent'anni di applicazione, la soglia delle " eccezionali circostanze" è stata recentemente attenuata nel caso Paposhvili c. Belgio e, nell'ottobre 2019, la Corte ha pronunciato una nuova sentenza nel caso Savran c. Danimarca che costituisce la prima applicazione del nuovo standard stabilito in Paposhvili. Questi due casi concernenti l'espulsione di stranieri gravemente malati sono stati considerati nel Capitolo 5 al fine di analizzare l'approccio innovativo della Corte e valutare se e fino a che punto il test delle "eccezionali circostanze" sia ancora in piedi. Contrariamente all'approccio restrittivo adottato nei confronti degli stranieri gravemente malati, la Corte ha adottato un approccio completamente diverso e più espansivo nei casi riguardanti i trasferimenti intra-europei (“Dublin” transfers) di richiedenti asilo. I casi M.S.S. c. Belgio e Grecia e Tarakhel c. Svizzera sono stati esaminati nel Capitolo 3 al fine di identificare le differenze tra l'approccio adottato dalla Corte in questi casi rispetto a quello adottato nei casi di espulsione di stranieri gravemente malati e di identificare i principali ostacoli riguardanti la possibilità di estendere l'approccio della Corte in M.S.S. ai casi di respingimento verso una situazione di privazione socio-economica. Poco dopo essersi pronunciata sui casi predetti, la Corte si è espressa su due ricorsi presentati da cittadini di paesi terzi che hanno invocato la soglia di protezione stabilita in M.S.S. al fine di evitare l'espulsione nei rispettivi paesi di origine. I casi Sufi ed Elmi c. Regno Unito e S.H.H. c. Regno Unito attengono al tema del respingimento verso una situazione di privazione socio-economica, ma differiscono dai casi relativi all'espulsione di stranieri gravemente malati in quanto i ricorrenti non sono affetti da una malattia ed il crollo del sistema di welfare dei paesi di origine è connesso ad un conflitto armato. Queste due sentenze sono state esaminate nel Capitolo 4, al fine di fornire una panoramica critica circa le considerazioni della Corte in merito al rapporto tra questi due casi, quelli riguardanti l'espulsione di stranieri gravemente ammalati e M.S.S. c. Belgio e Grecia.
Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Non-refoulement and Socio-economic Deprivation: evolution of the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights
MAROLA, GIACOMO
2018/2019
Abstract
Economic migrants has largely remained outside the international protection regimes of refugee and human rights law. Nevertheless, recent case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR or European Court) opens up limited possibilities for them to rely on Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which prohibits torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Therefore the main purpose of this thesis is been to assess whether and under which circumstances the removal (refoulement) to a situation of socio-economic deprivation would violate Article 3 ECHR. The thesis consists of five Chapters. Before going into the core of the research, Chapter 1 provides a general framework of the fundamental concepts in order to be able to contextualize the analysis of the jurisprudence of the European Court concerning the removal to a situation of socio-economic deprivation. In the subsequent Chapters, a doctrinal legal analysis of the most remarkable judgements of the European Court in that respect has been carried out. For the first time in 1997, in the case D. v the United Kingdom, a third-country national challenged his removal on the ground of the poor socio-economic conditions (lack of vital medical treatment) awaiting him upon return. While ruling in favour of the applicant, the Court emphasised the very exceptional character of his situation as an applicant affected by a fatal illness at a critical stage of deterioration. The evolution of the "very exceptional circumstances" test has been considered in Chapter 2 through a case-law analysis in order to provide a critical overview of the constitutive elements of this test and the reasons given by the Court in order to justify it. After almost twenty years of application, the "very exceptional circumstances" test has been recently relaxed in the case Paposhvili v Belgium and, on October 2019, the Court has delivered a fresh judgment in the case Savran v Denmark which represents the first implementation of the new standard set out in Paposhvili. These two cases concerning the expulsion of seriously ill aliens has been considered in Chapter 5 in order to provide a critical overview of Court's innovative approach and to evaluate whether and the extent to which the "very exceptional circumstances" test is still standing. In contrast to the restrictive approach adopted towards seriously ill aliens, the Court has adopted a completely different and more expansive approach in cases concerning intra-european ("Dublin") transfers of asylum seekers. The cases M.S.S. v Belgium and Greece and Tarakhel v Switzerland have been examined in Chapter 3 in order to identify the differences between the approach adopted by the Court in these cases compared to that adopted in cases concerning the expulsion of seriously ill aliens and to identify the main obstacles regarding the possibility of extending the court's approach in M.S.S. to non-refoulement cases which have a socio-economic dimension. Soon after M.S.S., the Court had been faced with two applications submitted by third country nationals who tried to rely on the protection's threshold set out in M.S.S. in order to avoid the removal to their respective countries of origin. The cases Sufi and Elmi v the United Kingdom and S.H.H. v United Kingdom pertain to the issue of the refoulement to a situation of socio-economic deprivation but differ from the cases concerning the expulsion of seriously ill aliens because the applicants were not affected by a naturally occurring illness and the breakdown of the home countries' welfare system was connected to a situation of armed conflict. These two judgements had been considered in Chapter 4 in order to provide a critical overview on the Court's considerations as to relationship between these two cases, cases concerning the expulsion of seriously ill aliens and M.S.S. v Belgium and Greece.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/9998