M. alcon is a small butterfly that depends, for the completion of its life cycle, both on the presence of G. pneumonanthe, the only host plant, and on the presence of host ants of the genus Myrmica (in particular M. scabrinodis), that are essential in the adoption and care of its larvae inside the anthills. The butterfly is linked to moorlands and hygrophilous meadows and it is particularly demanding due to the complex larval biology; in fact, good conditions for its survival are needed not only for adults, larvae and host plants, but also for the ants that raise it during the winter. In recent decades, however, the expansion of urbanized areas in the plains has led an extreme fragmentation of the habitats, leading to a difficult colonization of new areas, the isolation of populations and even to local extinctions. The aim of this thesis was the study of the oviposition of M. alcon as a function of some parameters such as vegetation characteristics (distance from the nearest G. pneumonanthe plant, height of the surrounding vegetation), the characteristics of the G. pneumonanthe plants surveyed in the study area (total number of buds, total number of optimal buds) and the presence of ants of the genus Myrmica near the host plant (in particular M. scabrinodis). During the summer of 2017, within the Cesate moorland, one of the areas that still have a population in fairly good conditions within the Groane Park, the females in flight of M. alcon were identified and registered through Capture-Mark-Recapture method and then compared with the phenology of the host plant, the proportion of eggs on optimal buds and on the whole plant and the presence of ants of the genus Myrmica. The effect of vegetation densities on the presence/absence of Myrmica was also studied, as an indicator of the temperature and humidity conditions on the ground. It was verified that there is a positive relationship between the number of females in flight, the number of eggs and the phenological stage of G. pneumonanthe. M. alcon was found to lay a significantly greater number of eggs on the buds and in particular those in the optimal ripening stage and more exposed (first plant nodes, plants more visible among the vegetation). In addition, the part of the bud selected is preferably the lower one as it corresponds to the ovary, which feeds the larva on the first days after the egg is released. Then, it was observed that the abundance of M. scabrinodis was positively correlated with the density of vegetation, in agreement with the cool-humid conditions that are typical of the optimal environment for the species. In addition, within this study, a pilot test of reintroduction of M. alcon was carried out in another suitable area not far that is the moorland of the Limbiate. During the summer of 2017 some potted plants of G. pneumonanthe that were in the Cesate area during the flight period of the females of M. alcon to allow their deposition, were then moved to the new area of Limbiate, where the presence of M. scabrinodis had been verified. The attempt to reintroduce M. alcon to the new area, albeit on a very small scale, was successful. In fact, in the summer of 2018, a male individual of M. alcon in flight was registered, probably flickering from a nest present on site, and also 13 eggs were found laid on one G. pneumonanthe plant naturally present on the site, a positive sign of the fact that there were other flickering individuals and therefore a mating. Genetic studies on other populations of M. alcon that are present in the plains would be useful to verify the possibility of a translocation from other populations avoiding genetic pollution.
M. alcon è un piccolo lepidottero che dipende, per il completamento del suo ciclo vitale, dalla presenza di G. pneumonanthe, unica pianta nutrice e da formiche ospite del genere Myrmica (in particolare M. scabrinodis), indispensabili nell’adozione e cura delle sue larve all’interno dei formicai. La farfalla è legata a brughiere e prati igrofili ed è particolarmente esigente a causa della complessa biologia larvale; infatti necessita per la sua sopravvivenza non solo di buone condizioni per gli adulti, le larve e le piante nutrici, ma anche per le formiche che la allevano durante il periodo invernale. Negli ultimi decenni però, l’espansione delle aree urbanizzate nelle pianure ha comportato una sempre più drastica riduzione degli habitat idonei a M. alcon ed una estrema frammentazione degli stessi con l’isolamento delle popolazioni ed il verificarsi di estinzioni locali. Scopo del presente lavoro di tesi è stato lo studio delle deposizioni di M. alcon in funzione di alcuni parametri come le caratteristiche della vegetazione (distanza dalla pianta di G. pneumonanthe più vicina, altezza della vegetazione circostante), le caratteristiche delle piante di G. pneumonanthe censite nell’area di studio (numero totale di boccioli presenti, numero totale di boccioli ottimali) e la presenza delle formiche del genere Myrmica, in particolare di M. scabrinodis, in prossimità della pianta nutrice. Durante l’estate 2017, all’interno della brughiera di Cesate, una delle aree che presentano ancora una popolazione in discreto stato di conservazione all’interno del Parco delle Groane, sono state quindi individuate e censite tramite Cattura-Marcatura-Ricattura le femmine in volo di M. alcon, confrontate con la fenologia della pianta nutrice, la proporzione di uova su boccioli ottimali e sull’intera pianta e la presenza di formiche del genere Myrmica. È stato inoltre studiato l’effetto delle densità di vegetazione sulla presenza/assenza di Myrmica, come indicazione delle condizioni di temperatura e umidità al suolo. È stato quindi verificato che sussiste una relazione positiva tra il numero di femmine in volo, numero di uova e stadio fenologico di G. pneumonanthe. M. alcon è risultata deporre un numero di uova significativamente maggiore sui boccioli ed in particolare quelli in stadio di maturazione ottimale e più esposti (primi nodi della pianta, piante più visibili tra la vegetazione). Inoltre, la parte del bocciolo selezionata è preferibilmente quella inferiore in quanto corrispondente all’ovario, di cui la larva si nutre i primi giorni dopo l’uscita dall’uovo. Si è poi osservato che l’abbondanza di M. scabrinodis è risultata positivamente correlata con la densità di vegetazione, in linea con le condizioni fresco-umide tipiche dell’ambiente ottimale della specie. Sempre all’interno del presente studio è stato effettuata una prova pilota di reintroduzione di M. alcon in un’altra area idonea, poco distante e corrispondente alla brughiera del maneggio di Limbiate. Durante l’estate del 2017 alcune piante in vaso di G. pneumonanthe posizionate nell’area di Cesate durante il periodo di volo delle femmine di M. alcon per permetterne la deposizione, sono state traslocate nella nuova area di Limbiate, in cui era stata verificata la presenza di M. scabrinodis. Il tentativo di reintroduzione di M. alcon nella nuova area, seppur su piccolissima scala, ha avuto successo. Infatti, nell’estate del 2018 sono stati censiti un individuo maschio in volo di M. alcon, verosimilmente sfarfallato da un nido presente in loco e 13 uova deposte su una delle piante di G. pneumonanthe naturalmente presenti nel sito, segnale positivo del fatto che ci siano stati altri individui sfarfallati e quindi un accoppiamento. Sarebbero utili studi genetici su altre popolazioni di M. alcon presenti in pianura per verificare la possibilità di una traslocazione da altre popolazioni evitando l’inquinamento genetico.
Conservazione di Maculinea alcon nel Parco delle Groane: selezione dei siti di deposizione e prova pilota di reintroduzione.
TESSAROLLO, MARA
2019/2020
Abstract
M. alcon is a small butterfly that depends, for the completion of its life cycle, both on the presence of G. pneumonanthe, the only host plant, and on the presence of host ants of the genus Myrmica (in particular M. scabrinodis), that are essential in the adoption and care of its larvae inside the anthills. The butterfly is linked to moorlands and hygrophilous meadows and it is particularly demanding due to the complex larval biology; in fact, good conditions for its survival are needed not only for adults, larvae and host plants, but also for the ants that raise it during the winter. In recent decades, however, the expansion of urbanized areas in the plains has led an extreme fragmentation of the habitats, leading to a difficult colonization of new areas, the isolation of populations and even to local extinctions. The aim of this thesis was the study of the oviposition of M. alcon as a function of some parameters such as vegetation characteristics (distance from the nearest G. pneumonanthe plant, height of the surrounding vegetation), the characteristics of the G. pneumonanthe plants surveyed in the study area (total number of buds, total number of optimal buds) and the presence of ants of the genus Myrmica near the host plant (in particular M. scabrinodis). During the summer of 2017, within the Cesate moorland, one of the areas that still have a population in fairly good conditions within the Groane Park, the females in flight of M. alcon were identified and registered through Capture-Mark-Recapture method and then compared with the phenology of the host plant, the proportion of eggs on optimal buds and on the whole plant and the presence of ants of the genus Myrmica. The effect of vegetation densities on the presence/absence of Myrmica was also studied, as an indicator of the temperature and humidity conditions on the ground. It was verified that there is a positive relationship between the number of females in flight, the number of eggs and the phenological stage of G. pneumonanthe. M. alcon was found to lay a significantly greater number of eggs on the buds and in particular those in the optimal ripening stage and more exposed (first plant nodes, plants more visible among the vegetation). In addition, the part of the bud selected is preferably the lower one as it corresponds to the ovary, which feeds the larva on the first days after the egg is released. Then, it was observed that the abundance of M. scabrinodis was positively correlated with the density of vegetation, in agreement with the cool-humid conditions that are typical of the optimal environment for the species. In addition, within this study, a pilot test of reintroduction of M. alcon was carried out in another suitable area not far that is the moorland of the Limbiate. During the summer of 2017 some potted plants of G. pneumonanthe that were in the Cesate area during the flight period of the females of M. alcon to allow their deposition, were then moved to the new area of Limbiate, where the presence of M. scabrinodis had been verified. The attempt to reintroduce M. alcon to the new area, albeit on a very small scale, was successful. In fact, in the summer of 2018, a male individual of M. alcon in flight was registered, probably flickering from a nest present on site, and also 13 eggs were found laid on one G. pneumonanthe plant naturally present on the site, a positive sign of the fact that there were other flickering individuals and therefore a mating. Genetic studies on other populations of M. alcon that are present in the plains would be useful to verify the possibility of a translocation from other populations avoiding genetic pollution.È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/11888