The development of Theory of Mind (ToM) during adolescence is influenced by multiple factors, including gender and sociocultural context. Although several studies have reported gender differences in certain components of ToM, current literature provides only partial and often inconsistent explanations regarding the nature of these differences. This study aims to investigate the role of gender, gender conformity pressure, and daily activities typically associated with masculinity or femininity in the variation of ToM abilities. A sample of 403 adolescents aged 14 to 17, attending secondary schools in Northern Italy, completed three validated ToM tasks (the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, the Triangles Task, and the Silent Films), along with questionnaires assessing gender conformity pressure, gossip, self-disclosure, and gender-typed activities. Results revealed no significant gender differences in the Triangles Task and Silent Films scores, suggesting that these tools may assess components of ToM that are less sensitive to gender influences, or that potential differences are too subtle to emerge in this sample. In contrast, females scored significantly higher on the RMET. Higher RMET performance was associated with greater engagement in relational activities, lower perceived gender conformity pressure, and more frequent gossip, highlighting the role of everyday social and communicative experiences in the development of mentalizing abilities. These findings support the notion that ToM in adolescence is a multidimensional construct shaped by sociocultural dynamics, offering insights for future research. Methodological limitations and future directions are discussed.
Lo sviluppo della Teoria della Mente (ToM) durante l’adolescenza è influenzato da molteplici fattori, tra cui il genere e il contesto socioculturale. Sebbene diversi studi abbiano riportato differenze di genere in alcune componenti della ToM, la letteratura attuale offre spiegazioni parziali e spesso incoerenti rispetto alla natura di tali differenze. Questo studio si propone di approfondire il ruolo del genere, della pressione al conformismo e delle attività quotidiane tipicamente associate al maschile e al femminile nella variazione delle competenze di ToM. Un campione di 403 adolescenti tra i 14 e i 17 anni, provenienti da scuole secondarie del Nord Italia, ha completato tre compiti per la valutazione della ToM (Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, Triangles Task e Silent Films), insieme a questionari su pressione al conformismo di genere, gossip, self-disclosure e attività gender-typed. I risultati non evidenziano differenze significative tra i generi nei punteggi del Triangles Task e dei Silent Films, suggerendo che questi strumenti possano valutare aspetti della ToM meno sensibili al genere o che eventuali differenze siano troppo sottili per emergere in questo campione. Al contrario, nel RMET le femmine ottengono punteggi significativamente più alti. Le performance migliori al RMET sono associate a un maggiore coinvolgimento in attività relazionali, a una minore pressione al conformismo e a più frequenti pratiche di gossip, sottolineando il ruolo delle esperienze quotidiane e comunicative nello sviluppo delle abilità mentalistiche. I risultati supportano l’idea che la ToM in adolescenza sia un costrutto multidimensionale e influenzato da dinamiche socioculturali, suggerendo piste di riflessione per la ricerca e per i contesti educativi. Limiti metodologici e prospettive future vengono infine discussi.
Lo sviluppo della Teoria della Mente in adolescenza e le influenze di genere.
COLLI, VERONICA
2024/2025
Abstract
The development of Theory of Mind (ToM) during adolescence is influenced by multiple factors, including gender and sociocultural context. Although several studies have reported gender differences in certain components of ToM, current literature provides only partial and often inconsistent explanations regarding the nature of these differences. This study aims to investigate the role of gender, gender conformity pressure, and daily activities typically associated with masculinity or femininity in the variation of ToM abilities. A sample of 403 adolescents aged 14 to 17, attending secondary schools in Northern Italy, completed three validated ToM tasks (the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, the Triangles Task, and the Silent Films), along with questionnaires assessing gender conformity pressure, gossip, self-disclosure, and gender-typed activities. Results revealed no significant gender differences in the Triangles Task and Silent Films scores, suggesting that these tools may assess components of ToM that are less sensitive to gender influences, or that potential differences are too subtle to emerge in this sample. In contrast, females scored significantly higher on the RMET. Higher RMET performance was associated with greater engagement in relational activities, lower perceived gender conformity pressure, and more frequent gossip, highlighting the role of everyday social and communicative experiences in the development of mentalizing abilities. These findings support the notion that ToM in adolescence is a multidimensional construct shaped by sociocultural dynamics, offering insights for future research. Methodological limitations and future directions are discussed.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/31843