The advancements in Synthetic Biology, combined with 3D bioprinting techniques, are revolutionizing the biomedical field and science as a whole. Synthetic Biology focuses on the design and engineering of biological systems with specific characteristics, using engineering approaches and advanced DNA manipulation technologies. These methods allow for the implementation of new functionalities or the creation of entirely novel biological systems. The 3D printing of bacteria represents an innovative bioprinting method, enabling the creation of innovative materials using bioinks composed of bacterial cells and various types of hydrogels. The integration of these two disciplines has given rise to the field of Engineered Living Materials (ELM), which aims to create three-dimensional structures that combine the functionalities of living organisms with the mechanical properties of the material used. In this context, this thesis focuses on the design of ELM with biosensor functions. Particular attention was paid to a biocontainment strategy and the study of scaffolds for the controlled release of nutrients. The research was conducted at the Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, in collaboration with the Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Synthetic Biology at the University of Pavia. In this study, the production of ELM capable of detecting a wide range of compounds through 3D bioprinting techniques is proposed. Furthermore, the applicability of these ELM in real-world situations was evaluated through simulations of controlled nutrient exposure and an investigation into the effectiveness of a biocontainment method. For the fabrication of the ELM, a hydrogel composed of sodium alginate and gelatin was used, while the bacterium Escherichia coli was chosen as the model organism for the engineering of the biosensors, employing different laboratory strains. The biosensors developed were characterized through liquid assays, using red fluorescent protein (RFP) as a reporter gene. Additionally, the work addressed the issue of genetically modified microorganisms’ dispersion in the environment, to ensure the safe use of ELM in the field. A physical biocontainment method was proposed, which proved to be an effective approach to prevent the dispersion of these microorganisms, representing an important step towards the practical application of ELM in real-world contexts. Finally, experiments were conducted to assess the long-term functionality of ELM outside the controlled laboratory environment. A controlled nutrient release condition was simulated to study its impact on cell viability. The results indicate that slowing the nutrient diffusion allows the fluorescent signal to be maintained over time, although further optimizations are required.
I progressi della Biologia Sintetica, combinati con le tecniche di biostampa 3D, stanno rivoluzionando il campo biomedico e la scienza in generale. La Biologia Sintetica si concentra sulla progettazione e ingegnerizzazione di sistemi biologici con caratteristiche specifiche, utilizzando approcci ingegneristici e avanzate tecnologie di manipolazione del DNA. Questi metodi permettono di implementare nuove funzionalità o creare sistemi biologici del tutto innovativi. La stampa 3D di batteri rappresenta un metodo innovativo di biostampa, che consente di creare materiali innovativi utilizzando bioinchiostri costituiti da cellule batteriche e idrogel di varia natura. L’integrazione di queste due discipline ha dato vita al campo dei Materiali Viventi Ingegnerizzati (ELM), che mira a realizzare strutture tridimensionali capaci di combinare le funzionalità degli organismi viventi con le proprietà meccaniche del materiale utilizzato. In questo contesto si inserisce il presente lavoro di tesi, che si focalizza sulla progettazione di ELM con funzione di biosensori. L’attenzione `e stata rivolta in particolare a una strategia di biocontenimento e allo studio di scaffold per il rilascio controllato di nutrienti. La ricerca `e stata condotta presso il Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Architettura, incollaborazione con il Laboratorio di Bioinformatica e Biologia Sintetica dell’Università di Pavia. In questo studio, si propone la produzione di ELM capaci di rilevare una vasta gamma di composti tramite tecniche di biostampa 3D. Inoltre, `e stata valutata l’applicabilit`a di questi ELM in situazioni reali, attraverso simulazioni di esposizione controllata ai nutrienti e un’indagine sull’efficacia di un metodo di biocontenimento. Per la fabbricazione degli ELM `e stato utilizzato un idrogel a base di alginato di sodio e gelatina, mentre il batterio Escherichia coli `e stato scelto come organismo modello per l’ingegnerizzazione dei biosensori, impiegando diversi ceppi di laboratorio. I biosensori costruiti sono stati caratterizzati attraverso saggi in fase liquida, utilizzando la proteina fluorescente rossa (RFP) come gene reporter. Inoltre, il lavoro ha affrontato la questione della dispersione nell’ambiente di microrganismi geneticamente modificati, al fine di garantire l’uso sicuro degli ELM sul campo. E' stato proposto un metodo di biocontenimento fisico, che si `e rivelato un approccio efficace per prevenire la dispersione di tali microrganismi, rappresentando un importante passo avanti verso l’applicazione pratica degli ELM in contesti reali. Infine, sono stati condotti esperimenti per valutare la funzionalità a lungo termine degli ELM al di fuori dell’ambiente controllato di laboratorio. `E stata simulata una condizione di rilascio controllato dei nutrienti per studiarne l’impatto sulla vitalità cellulare. I risultati indicano che un rallentamento della diffusione dei nutrienti permette di mantenere il segnale fluorescente nel tempo, sebbene siano necessarie ulteriori ottimizzazioni.
Sviluppo di un dispositivo per l'uso sicuro sul campo di biosensori batterici per misure
MANTELLINI, PAOLO
2023/2024
Abstract
The advancements in Synthetic Biology, combined with 3D bioprinting techniques, are revolutionizing the biomedical field and science as a whole. Synthetic Biology focuses on the design and engineering of biological systems with specific characteristics, using engineering approaches and advanced DNA manipulation technologies. These methods allow for the implementation of new functionalities or the creation of entirely novel biological systems. The 3D printing of bacteria represents an innovative bioprinting method, enabling the creation of innovative materials using bioinks composed of bacterial cells and various types of hydrogels. The integration of these two disciplines has given rise to the field of Engineered Living Materials (ELM), which aims to create three-dimensional structures that combine the functionalities of living organisms with the mechanical properties of the material used. In this context, this thesis focuses on the design of ELM with biosensor functions. Particular attention was paid to a biocontainment strategy and the study of scaffolds for the controlled release of nutrients. The research was conducted at the Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, in collaboration with the Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Synthetic Biology at the University of Pavia. In this study, the production of ELM capable of detecting a wide range of compounds through 3D bioprinting techniques is proposed. Furthermore, the applicability of these ELM in real-world situations was evaluated through simulations of controlled nutrient exposure and an investigation into the effectiveness of a biocontainment method. For the fabrication of the ELM, a hydrogel composed of sodium alginate and gelatin was used, while the bacterium Escherichia coli was chosen as the model organism for the engineering of the biosensors, employing different laboratory strains. The biosensors developed were characterized through liquid assays, using red fluorescent protein (RFP) as a reporter gene. Additionally, the work addressed the issue of genetically modified microorganisms’ dispersion in the environment, to ensure the safe use of ELM in the field. A physical biocontainment method was proposed, which proved to be an effective approach to prevent the dispersion of these microorganisms, representing an important step towards the practical application of ELM in real-world contexts. Finally, experiments were conducted to assess the long-term functionality of ELM outside the controlled laboratory environment. A controlled nutrient release condition was simulated to study its impact on cell viability. The results indicate that slowing the nutrient diffusion allows the fluorescent signal to be maintained over time, although further optimizations are required.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/33189