The management of chronic wounds is increasingly becoming a significant clinical challenge. The persistent inflammatory state and elevated oxidative levels of these lesions impair proper wound healing, severely compromising patients’ quality of life. In this context, this thesis project was developed with the aim of designing a platform for controlled drug delivery for the treatment of chronic wounds. The system is based on an electrospun matrix of methacrylated fish gelatin (Fish-GelMA) combined with nanoparticle systems. The functionalization of gelatin enabled the achievement of a high degree of methacrylation (DM ≈ 93.5 %), ensuring efficient photocrosslinking and the formation of stable hydrogels. An optimization process allowed the identification of suitable electrospinning parameters, leading to the production of uniform electrospun systems based on Fish-GelMA, both pure and loaded with different types of nanoparticles (B1, P6, 1315, and MSNs). A combined approach using multiple techniques (SEM–EDS, FT-IR, and NMR spectroscopy) was employed to evaluate the presence of nanoparticles within the electrospun fibers and photocrosslinked mats. Although direct evidence was limited due to low nanoparticle concentrations and signal overlap, qualitative results suggested their incorporation within the fibrous matrix. Photocrosslinking of the electrospun mats resulted in stable structures in aqueous environments (GF > 95%) and consistent swelling behavior. Particular attention was devoted to the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive polymeric nanoparticle system 1315, which exhibited effective self-assembly (CAC ≈ 0.013 mg/mL) and high encapsulation efficiency for curcumin (EE ≈ 90%). Release studies performed on the isolated nanoparticles showed a controlled and prolonged release profile, with enhanced release under oxidative conditions, particularly at later time points. The release from 1315 nanoparticles incorporated within electrospun and crosslinked fibers was found to be slower and more sustained, due to the influence of the polymeric fibrous matrix, which delays the interaction between the nanoparticles and the surrounding medium. Although the overall drug release was limited, the system demonstrated responsiveness in ROS-rich environments. Overall, this study demonstrates that the integration of ROS-responsive nanoparticles within electrospun Fish-GelMA scaffolds is a promising strategy for drug delivery applications in chronic wound care. Although the results are preliminary, they provide a solid foundation for the design of advanced wound dressings.
La gestione delle ferite croniche rappresenta sempre di più una sfida clinica significativa. Il persistente stato infiammatorio e gli alti livelli ossidativi delle lesioni impediscono la corretta guarigione della ferita compromettendo gravemente la qualità della vita dei pazienti. In questo contesto, si è sviluppato questo progetto di tesi, il cui obiettivo è quello di sviluppare una piattaforma per il rilascio controllato di farmaci per trattamento delle ferite croniche. Il sistema si basa su una matrice elettrofilata di gelatina di pesce metacrilata (Fish-GelMA) combinata con sistemi nanoparticellari. La funzionalizzazione della gelatina ha consentito di raggiungere un elevato grado di metacrilazione (DM ≈ 93.5%), garantendo un’efficiente fotoreticolazione e la formazione di idrogel stabili. Un processo di ottimizzazione ha consentito di individuare parametri di elettrofilatura ottimali, che hanno consentito di ottenere sistemi elettrofilati uniformi a base di Fish-GelMA, sia puri sia caricati con diversi tipi di nanoparticelle (B1, P6, 1315 e MSNs). Un approccio combinato di più tecniche (SEM-EDS, FT-IR, spettroscopia NMR) ha permesso di valutare la presenza delle nanoparticellle all’interno delle fibre elettrofilate e dei sistemi fotoreticolati. Sebbene l’evidenza diretta sia risultata limitata a causa delle basse concentrazioni e della sovrapposizione dei segnali, i risultati qualitativi suggeriscono la loro incorporazione nella matrice fibrosa. La fotoreticolazione dei sistemi elettrofilati ha portato alla formazione di strutture stabili in ambiente acquoso (GF>95 %) e da un comportamento di rigonfiamento coerente. Si è maggiormente approfondito il sistema nanoparticellare polimerico 1315 responsivo alle specie reattive dell’ossigeno (ROS), che ha mostrato un’efficace capacità di autoassemblaggio (CAC ≈ 0.013 mg/mL) e un’elevata efficienza di incapsulamento della curcumina (EE≈90 %). I test di rilascio condotti sulle nanoparticelle isolate hanno evidenziato un profilo controllato e prolungato nel tempo, con un rilascio maggiore in condizioni ossidative, soprattutto nelle fasi più avanzate. Il rilascio da parte delle nanoparticelle 1315 incorporate all’interno delle fibre elettrofilate e crosslinkate, si è rilevato essere più lento e sostenuto, a causa dell’influenza della matrice polimerica che ritarda l’interazione delle nanoparticelle con il mezzo circostante. Nonostante il rilascio del farmaco sia stato limitato, il sistema ha dimostrato una risposta in ambiente ricco di ROS. Nel complesso, questo studio dimostra come l’integrazione di nanoparticelle ROS-responsive all’interno di scaffold elettrofilati di Fish-GelMA sia promettente per applicazioni di drug delivery nell’ambito della cura delle ferite croniche. I risultati ottenuti, seppur preliminari, rappresentano una base solida per la progettazione di medicazioni avanzate.
Sviluppo e caratterizzazione di costrutti biopolimerici elettrofilati e fotoreticolati contenenti nanoparticelle per il rilascio controllato di farmaci a scopo di guarigione delle ferite
PIZZATI, MARIA
2024/2025
Abstract
The management of chronic wounds is increasingly becoming a significant clinical challenge. The persistent inflammatory state and elevated oxidative levels of these lesions impair proper wound healing, severely compromising patients’ quality of life. In this context, this thesis project was developed with the aim of designing a platform for controlled drug delivery for the treatment of chronic wounds. The system is based on an electrospun matrix of methacrylated fish gelatin (Fish-GelMA) combined with nanoparticle systems. The functionalization of gelatin enabled the achievement of a high degree of methacrylation (DM ≈ 93.5 %), ensuring efficient photocrosslinking and the formation of stable hydrogels. An optimization process allowed the identification of suitable electrospinning parameters, leading to the production of uniform electrospun systems based on Fish-GelMA, both pure and loaded with different types of nanoparticles (B1, P6, 1315, and MSNs). A combined approach using multiple techniques (SEM–EDS, FT-IR, and NMR spectroscopy) was employed to evaluate the presence of nanoparticles within the electrospun fibers and photocrosslinked mats. Although direct evidence was limited due to low nanoparticle concentrations and signal overlap, qualitative results suggested their incorporation within the fibrous matrix. Photocrosslinking of the electrospun mats resulted in stable structures in aqueous environments (GF > 95%) and consistent swelling behavior. Particular attention was devoted to the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive polymeric nanoparticle system 1315, which exhibited effective self-assembly (CAC ≈ 0.013 mg/mL) and high encapsulation efficiency for curcumin (EE ≈ 90%). Release studies performed on the isolated nanoparticles showed a controlled and prolonged release profile, with enhanced release under oxidative conditions, particularly at later time points. The release from 1315 nanoparticles incorporated within electrospun and crosslinked fibers was found to be slower and more sustained, due to the influence of the polymeric fibrous matrix, which delays the interaction between the nanoparticles and the surrounding medium. Although the overall drug release was limited, the system demonstrated responsiveness in ROS-rich environments. Overall, this study demonstrates that the integration of ROS-responsive nanoparticles within electrospun Fish-GelMA scaffolds is a promising strategy for drug delivery applications in chronic wound care. Although the results are preliminary, they provide a solid foundation for the design of advanced wound dressings.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/34981