Da V1G a V2G: Strategie di Ottimizzazione per la Ricarica Bidirezionale dei Veicoli Elettrici con Integrazione del Fotovoltaico

The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) worldwide has led to a significant increase in electricity consumption, placing new pressures on distribution networks and highlighting the need for intelligent and adaptive energy management strategies. As EV penetration continues to accelerate, smart control of charging behavior becomes essential to ensure grid reliability, minimize congestion, and optimize the use of renewable resources. Recent advancements introduced by the ISO 15118-20 standard—most notably the enablement of bidirectional charging—provide a foundation for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) applications, expanding the role of EVs from passive loads to active energy assets. This new capability is central to the objectives of SEED 2, a project developed at SeH, a Milan-based hardware and software company focused on innovative energy solutions. SEED 2 explores how standardized communication, smart scheduling, and bidirectional power flows can enhance EV integration and improve overall system efficiency. Despite the potential, networks must still contend with issues such as unpredictable load patterns, local congestion, and limitations in distribution infrastructure. This thesis investigates how EV chargers, equipped with smart optimization algorithms and ISO 15118-20 compliant features, can actively mitigate these challenges offering services such as load shifting, cost reduction, peak shaving, and grid support ultimately demonstrating how advanced EV charging strategies can transform network problems into opportunities for greater flexibility and resilience. Keywords: EV, grid reliability, congestion, renewable resources, V2G, efficiency, optimization, load shifting, cost reduction, peak shaving, grid support.