This thesis investigates «rape culture» in Italy through a threefold approach: an analysis of the feminist theoretical framework, a diachronic reading of four criminal cases alongside their corresponding legislative transformations, and an empirical survey on the social perception of the phenomenon. The first level is theoretical. Sexual violence is not a manifestation of desire but a device of power, sustained by a cultural architecture that includes rape myths (sense-making structures that shift responsibility from the perpetrator to the victim) and secondary victimization, the process through which institutions inflict a second psychological and symbolic violence on the woman already affected by the primary offence. The second level is historical-legislative. Four criminal cases mark the evolution of rape culture in Italy: Franca Viola (1965), the first woman to publicly refuse the so-called «rehabilitative marriage» and to report her rapist; Fiorella, the protagonist of the documentary Processo per stupro (1979), whose case revealed the systemic failure of justice to the public; Carla Maria Cammarata (1988), whose attackers, despite having been caught in the act, were released from prison on the very evening of the appeal ruling, just days before her death; and Leonardo Apache La Russa, whose judicial proceedings for sexual violence and revenge porn ended with the charges being extinguished and the main accusations dropped, exposing the persistence of himpathy: the disproportionate sympathy reserved for perpetrators of high social status. This timeline, spanning from the Rocco Code of 1930 to Law No. 66 of 1996 up to the parliamentary debate on consent in 2025–2026, demonstrates that legislative change has not produced a corresponding cultural transformation. The third level is empirical. An online questionnaire administered between March and April 2026 to 227 respondents found that 73.6% of the sample acknowledges the existence of rape culture in Italy, albeit with a marked generational gradient. The Likert scales on rape myths reveal systematic gender asymmetries, particularly in questions presenting more implicit nuances. 76.3% of respondents believe that the distinction between rape as a crime against morality and rape as a crime against the person persists in the common mindset despite the 1996 reform; 63.9% do not believe that the new consent law is effective in countering rape culture. These findings, consistent with the Censis report of March 2026, according to which 47% of Italians still justify violence in the presence of alcohol or clothing deemed provocative, indicate that legislation is necessary but not sufficient: it is an instrument of symbolic recognition, not an autonomous agent of cultural transformation. What emerges is that rape culture in Italy is not a fading residue of the past, but a system capable of adapting to normative shifts without abandoning its underlying mechanisms: meaningful change therefore requires structural interventions.
Questa tesi indaga la «cultura dello stupro» in Italia attraverso un percorso triplice: l’analisi del framework teorico femminista, la lettura diacronica di quattro casi di cronaca accompagnati dalle trasformazioni legislative, e un’indagine empirica sulla percezione sociale del fenomeno. Il primo livello è teorico. La violenza sessuale non è una manifestazione di desiderio ma un dispositivo di potere, sostenuto da un’architettura culturale che include i miti dello stupro (strutture di senso che spostano la responsabilità dal reo alla vittima) e la vittimizzazione secondaria, il processo attraverso cui le istituzioni infliggono una seconda violenza psicologica e simbolica alla donna già colpita dall’offesa primaria. Il secondo livello è storico-legislativo. Quattro casi di cronaca scandiscono l’evoluzione della cultura dello stupro in Italia: Franca Viola (1965), la prima donna a rifiutare pubblicamente il matrimonio riparatore e a denunciare il proprio stupratore; Fiorella, protagonista del documentario «Processo per stupro» (1979), il cui caso rivelò all’opinione pubblica il fallimento sistemico della giustizia; Carla Maria Cammarata (1988), i cui aggressori, nonostante fossero stati colti in flagranza, lasciarono il carcere la sera stessa della sentenza d’appello, pochi giorni prima della sua morte; e Leonardo Apache La Russa, la cui vicenda giudiziaria per violenza sessuale e revenge porn si è conclusa con l’estinzione del reato e le accuse principali decadute, mostrando la persistenza della himpathy: la simpatia sproporzionata riservata all’aggressore di elevato status sociale. Questo arco temporale, che va dal Codice Rocco del 1930 alla Legge n.66 del 1966 fino al dibattitto parlamentare sul consenso del 2025-2026, dimostra che il cambiamento normativo non ha prodotto una corrispondente trasformazione culturale. Il terzo livello è empirico. Un questionario online somministrato tra marzo e aprile 2026 a 227 rispondenti ha rilevato che il 73,6% del campione riconosce l’esistenza di una cultura dello stupro in Italia, con però un netto gradiente generazionale. Le scale Likert sui miti dello stupro mostrano asimmetrie sistematiche di genere, specialmente nelle domande che presentano sfumature più implicite. Il 76,3% dei rispondenti ritiene che la distinzione tra stupro come reato contro la morale e reato contro la persona persista nella mentalità comune nonostante la riforma del 1996; il 63,9% non crede che la nuova legge sul consenso sia efficace nel contrastare la cultura dello stupro. Questi dati, coerenti con il rapporto Censis del marzo 2026, secondo cui il 47% degli italiani giustifica ancora la violenza in presenza di alcol o abbigliamento ritenuto provocante, indicano che la legge è necessaria ma non sufficiente: è uno strumento di riconoscimento simbolico, non un agente autonomo di trasformazione culturale. Emerge che la cultura dello stupro in Italia non è un residuo del passato in via di estinzione, ma un sistema capace di adattarsi ai mutamenti normativi senza abbandonare i propri meccanismi di fondo: il cambiamento richiede, di conseguenza, interventi strutturali.
L'imputata. La cultura dello stupro in Italia dagli anni Sessanta a oggi.
SILVESTRO DELPUEYO, VERA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis investigates «rape culture» in Italy through a threefold approach: an analysis of the feminist theoretical framework, a diachronic reading of four criminal cases alongside their corresponding legislative transformations, and an empirical survey on the social perception of the phenomenon. The first level is theoretical. Sexual violence is not a manifestation of desire but a device of power, sustained by a cultural architecture that includes rape myths (sense-making structures that shift responsibility from the perpetrator to the victim) and secondary victimization, the process through which institutions inflict a second psychological and symbolic violence on the woman already affected by the primary offence. The second level is historical-legislative. Four criminal cases mark the evolution of rape culture in Italy: Franca Viola (1965), the first woman to publicly refuse the so-called «rehabilitative marriage» and to report her rapist; Fiorella, the protagonist of the documentary Processo per stupro (1979), whose case revealed the systemic failure of justice to the public; Carla Maria Cammarata (1988), whose attackers, despite having been caught in the act, were released from prison on the very evening of the appeal ruling, just days before her death; and Leonardo Apache La Russa, whose judicial proceedings for sexual violence and revenge porn ended with the charges being extinguished and the main accusations dropped, exposing the persistence of himpathy: the disproportionate sympathy reserved for perpetrators of high social status. This timeline, spanning from the Rocco Code of 1930 to Law No. 66 of 1996 up to the parliamentary debate on consent in 2025–2026, demonstrates that legislative change has not produced a corresponding cultural transformation. The third level is empirical. An online questionnaire administered between March and April 2026 to 227 respondents found that 73.6% of the sample acknowledges the existence of rape culture in Italy, albeit with a marked generational gradient. The Likert scales on rape myths reveal systematic gender asymmetries, particularly in questions presenting more implicit nuances. 76.3% of respondents believe that the distinction between rape as a crime against morality and rape as a crime against the person persists in the common mindset despite the 1996 reform; 63.9% do not believe that the new consent law is effective in countering rape culture. These findings, consistent with the Censis report of March 2026, according to which 47% of Italians still justify violence in the presence of alcohol or clothing deemed provocative, indicate that legislation is necessary but not sufficient: it is an instrument of symbolic recognition, not an autonomous agent of cultural transformation. What emerges is that rape culture in Italy is not a fading residue of the past, but a system capable of adapting to normative shifts without abandoning its underlying mechanisms: meaningful change therefore requires structural interventions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Elaborato finale di Vera Silvestro Delpueyo, matricola 562393, per la laurea magistrale in Comunicazione Digitale.
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/35604