Somatostatin is an endogenous peptide hormone that exerts potent inhibitory effects on hormone secretion, cell proliferation, and tumour growth of neuroendocrine cells through binding to its five somatostatin receptor subtypes (SSTR1-5). High expression of SSTR2 in well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (Pan-NETs) makes this receptor an attractive target for selective therapeutic strategies. Consequently, somatostatin analogues (SSAs), such as octreotide, have become the mainstay of therapy for such tumours, effectively controlling hormone hypersecretion and slowing tumour progression. However, their antitumour activity is predominantly cytostatic rather than cytotoxic, highlighting the need for more effective targeted therapeutic approaches. ITF3912 is an SSTR2-targeted drug developed by Italfarmaco S.p.A., consisting of an octreotide moiety conjugated to a potent duocarmycin derivative, a DNA minor groove-binding alkylating agent. This thesis work aimed to assess the efficacy and SSTR2-dependent specificity of ITF3912 in selected Pan-NET cell line models, namely NT-18P and NT-3. Human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) were used as an SSTR2-negative control model. ITF3912 activity was evaluated in both 2D and 3D culture systems through functional and mechanistic readouts, including cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, DNA damage, and insulin secretion. ITF3912 displayed SSTR2-dependent selectivity, showing a stronger effect on NT-18P and NT-3 cells than on HFF cells, with IC50 values in the low nanomolar range for both Pan-NET cell lines. At higher concentrations, a partial reduction in HFF viability suggested that receptor-independent effects may occur under less stringent conditions. Therefore, subsequent protocol optimisation focused on minimising non-specific cytotoxicity. Overall, the results from 2D cultures indicate that ITF3912 activity is dose- and time-dependent. A short exposure to low-dose ITF3912 followed by washout, together with the use of heat-inactivated FBS, emerged as the most favourable condition for improving selectivity. Having established the optimal treatment conditions in 2D cultures, the activity of ITF3912 was subsequently evaluated in the more physiologically relevant 3D spheroid model. In NT-18P 3D spheroids, exposure to ITF3912 required longer treatment times than in 2D monolayer cultures to achieve a comparable reduction in cell viability. This finding is consistent with the greater structural complexity of the 3D model and the potential limitations in drug penetration. Additionally, ITF3912 treatment of NT-18P cells in 3D was associated with increased caspase-3/7 activity, suggesting the induction of apoptosis. Immunofluorescence analysis of γ-H2AX further confirmed DNA damage as part of the molecular mechanism of action of ITF3912. Flow cytometry analysis was also performed to explore the relationship between SSTR2 surface expression and ITF3912 response, although further optimisation is required to draw definitive conclusions. Overall, these findings support ITF3912 as a promising SSTR2-targeted therapeutic strategy for Pan-NETs. By combining receptor-mediated targeting with the cytotoxic activity of its payload, ITF3912 may help overcome some limitations of conventional SSAs while preserving tumour selectivity.
La somatostatina è un ormone peptidico endogeno che inibisce la secrezione ormonale, la proliferazione cellulare e la crescita delle cellule neuroendocrine attraverso il legame con i suoi cinque recettori (SSTR1-5). L'elevata espressione di SSTR2 nei tumori neuroendocrini pancreatici (Pan-NET) ben differenziati rende questo recettore un bersaglio ideale per strategie terapeutiche selettive. Di conseguenza, gli analoghi della somatostatina (SSA), come l'octreotide, rappresentano il trattamento di riferimento per questi tumori, controllando efficacemente l'ipersecrezione ormonale e rallentandone la progressione. Tuttavia, la loro attività antitumorale è prevalentemente citostatica piuttosto che citotossica, evidenziando la necessità di sviluppare approcci terapeutici mirati più efficaci. ITF3912 è un farmaco diretto contro SSTR2, sviluppato da Italfarmaco S.p.A., costituito da una molecola di octreotide coniugata a un potente derivato della duocarmicina, un agente alchilante del DNA. Lo scopo di questa tesi è stato valutare l'efficacia e la specificità SSTR2-dipendente di ITF3912 in modelli cellulari di Pan-NET, rappresentati dalle linee NT-18P e NT-3. Come controllo negativo per SSTR2 sono stati utilizzati fibroblasti umani di prepuzio (HFF). L'attività di ITF3912 è stata studiata in colture bidimensionali (2D) e tridimensionali (3D) mediante saggi funzionali e meccanicistici comprendenti la valutazione della vitalità cellulare, della proliferazione, dell'apoptosi, del danno al DNA e della secrezione di insulina. ITF3912 ha mostrato una selettività dipendente da SSTR2, esercitando un effetto più marcato sulle cellule NT-18P e NT-3 rispetto alle HFF, con valori di IC50 nell'ordine dei bassi nanomolari per entrambe le linee di Pan-NET. Alle concentrazioni più elevate è stata osservata una parziale riduzione della vitalità delle HFF, suggerendo che, in condizioni meno stringenti, possano verificarsi effetti indipendenti dal recettore. Per questo motivo, le successive fasi di ottimizzazione sperimentale sono state indirizzate alla riduzione della citotossicità aspecifica. Complessivamente, i risultati ottenuti nei modelli 2D indicano che l'attività di ITF3912 è dose- e tempo-dipendente. In particolare, una breve esposizione a basse concentrazioni di ITF3912 seguita da washout, associata all'impiego di siero fetale bovino (FBS) termicamente inattivato, si è dimostrata la condizione più favorevole per migliorarne la selettività. Una volta definite le condizioni ottimali nei modelli 2D, l'attività di ITF3912 è stata valutata nel modello tridimensionale di sferoidi, più rappresentativo della fisiologia tumorale. Negli sferoidi 3D di NT-18P, l'esposizione a ITF3912 ha richiesto tempi di trattamento più lunghi rispetto alle colture 2D in monostrato per ottenere una riduzione comparabile della vitalità cellulare, in accordo con la maggiore complessità strutturale del modello e le possibili limitazioni nella penetrazione del farmaco. Inoltre, il trattamento con ITF3912 nelle cellule NT-18P coltivate in 3D è stato associato a un aumento dell'attività della caspasi-3/7, suggerendo l'induzione dell'apoptosi. L'analisi in immunofluorescenza di γ-H2AX ha inoltre confermato il danno al DNA come parte del meccanismo molecolare d'azione di ITF3912. È stata infine eseguita un'analisi mediante citofluorimetria a flusso per esplorare la relazione tra l'espressione superficiale di SSTR2 e la risposta a ITF3912, sebbene siano necessari ulteriori studi di ottimizzazione per trarre conclusioni definitive. Nel complesso, questi risultati supportano ITF3912 come una promettente strategia terapeutica mirata a SSTR2 per il trattamento dei Pan-NET. Combinando il targeting mediato dal recettore con l'attività citotossica del proprio payload, ITF3912 potrebbe contribuire a superare alcuni dei limiti degli analoghi convenzionali della somatostatina, preservando al contempo la selettività nei confronti delle cellule tumorali.
Valutazione di un nuovo coniugato peptide-farmaco mirato a SSTR2 in linee cellulari di tumore neuroendocrino pancreatico
REABCO, MARIA VLADA
2025/2026
Abstract
Somatostatin is an endogenous peptide hormone that exerts potent inhibitory effects on hormone secretion, cell proliferation, and tumour growth of neuroendocrine cells through binding to its five somatostatin receptor subtypes (SSTR1-5). High expression of SSTR2 in well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (Pan-NETs) makes this receptor an attractive target for selective therapeutic strategies. Consequently, somatostatin analogues (SSAs), such as octreotide, have become the mainstay of therapy for such tumours, effectively controlling hormone hypersecretion and slowing tumour progression. However, their antitumour activity is predominantly cytostatic rather than cytotoxic, highlighting the need for more effective targeted therapeutic approaches. ITF3912 is an SSTR2-targeted drug developed by Italfarmaco S.p.A., consisting of an octreotide moiety conjugated to a potent duocarmycin derivative, a DNA minor groove-binding alkylating agent. This thesis work aimed to assess the efficacy and SSTR2-dependent specificity of ITF3912 in selected Pan-NET cell line models, namely NT-18P and NT-3. Human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) were used as an SSTR2-negative control model. ITF3912 activity was evaluated in both 2D and 3D culture systems through functional and mechanistic readouts, including cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, DNA damage, and insulin secretion. ITF3912 displayed SSTR2-dependent selectivity, showing a stronger effect on NT-18P and NT-3 cells than on HFF cells, with IC50 values in the low nanomolar range for both Pan-NET cell lines. At higher concentrations, a partial reduction in HFF viability suggested that receptor-independent effects may occur under less stringent conditions. Therefore, subsequent protocol optimisation focused on minimising non-specific cytotoxicity. Overall, the results from 2D cultures indicate that ITF3912 activity is dose- and time-dependent. A short exposure to low-dose ITF3912 followed by washout, together with the use of heat-inactivated FBS, emerged as the most favourable condition for improving selectivity. Having established the optimal treatment conditions in 2D cultures, the activity of ITF3912 was subsequently evaluated in the more physiologically relevant 3D spheroid model. In NT-18P 3D spheroids, exposure to ITF3912 required longer treatment times than in 2D monolayer cultures to achieve a comparable reduction in cell viability. This finding is consistent with the greater structural complexity of the 3D model and the potential limitations in drug penetration. Additionally, ITF3912 treatment of NT-18P cells in 3D was associated with increased caspase-3/7 activity, suggesting the induction of apoptosis. Immunofluorescence analysis of γ-H2AX further confirmed DNA damage as part of the molecular mechanism of action of ITF3912. Flow cytometry analysis was also performed to explore the relationship between SSTR2 surface expression and ITF3912 response, although further optimisation is required to draw definitive conclusions. Overall, these findings support ITF3912 as a promising SSTR2-targeted therapeutic strategy for Pan-NETs. By combining receptor-mediated targeting with the cytotoxic activity of its payload, ITF3912 may help overcome some limitations of conventional SSAs while preserving tumour selectivity.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
THESIS_RMV-pdfa.pdf
non disponibili
Dimensione
2.79 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
2.79 MB | Adobe PDF | Richiedi una copia |
È consentito all'utente scaricare e condividere i documenti disponibili a testo pieno in UNITESI UNIPV nel rispetto della licenza Creative Commons del tipo CC BY NC ND.
Per maggiori informazioni e per verifiche sull'eventuale disponibilità del file scrivere a: [email protected].
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/36121