The work described in this thesis was conducted at the University of Milan-Bicocca in collaboration with the Lazzaro Spallanzani Italian Experimental Institute (Quercia, Rivolta d'Adda (CR)). The aim of this thesis was primarily to validate methods for eliminating rotifers in algal cultures without affecting the growth of the algal cultures. Furthermore, the seasonality of these predators within the reactors was evaluated. Finally, the predator-prey dynamics in the cultures were determined by identifying possible critical collapse thresholds and the influence of chemical and physical factors. The underlying idea is to obtain predator-free algal cultures using methods that only affect the different rotifer species. Three replicates were performed for each trial, and the analyses performed included microscopic counts of algae and predators, pH, dissolved oxygen, and photosynthetic efficiency of the algae. The algal cultures were maintained semicontinuously (7-10 days HRT) for 2 hours after the end of the trial to assess any long-term effects of the treatment on the culture. The analyses used to monitor the trials to assess algal growth were: absorbance (680 nm), PAM (photosynthetic efficiency), cell and rotifer counts, and pH measurement. The results obtained in this thesis show that only NaOH and an increase in pH lead to the disappearance of rotifers in the algal culture and the maintenance of the latter. The pH must reach at least 11.5 and be maintained for at least 2 hours after treatment. As soon as the pH returns to a lower value, the rotifers start to profile again, probably because those that manage to survive the treatment form cysts, resistance forms, adapted to very variable environmental conditions, difficult to detect and eliminate. In the second phase of the experimental plan, which involved the evaluation of the critical threshold for the collapse of the algal culture in the presence of rotifers, it was observed that in the test in which 106 algae/ml were present together with 300 rotifers/ml, the algae remained in a good state of health, although the rotifers affected the growth rate of the algae, due to their energy requirements, causing them to increase. In the second test with 106 algae/ml and 100 rotifers/ml, the latter did not affect the quantity and health of the algal culture. When the pH increased, probably due to natural causes resulting from the laboratory environment, the rotifers disappeared. In the last test in which the algal concentration started from a very low value (104 algae/ml) in the presence of 150 rotifers/ml, the algal culture struggled to return to optimal values for a good state health. In this test, it was observed that the algal culture containing rotifers grew more easily than the culture without them.
Il lavoro descritto in questa tesi è stato svolto presso l’Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca in collaborazione con l’Istituto Sperimentale Italiano Lazzaro Spallanzani (Località Quercia, Rivolta d’Adda (CR)). Lo scopo di questo lavoro di tesi si è concentrato prevalentemente sulla validazione di metodiche per l’eliminazione dei rotiferi, nelle coltivazioni algali senza intaccare la crescita delle culture algali. Inoltre, si è valutata la stagionalità di questi predatori all’interno dei reattori. Infine, si sono determinate le dinamiche preda-predatori nelle coltivazioni tramite le possibili soglie critiche di collasso e l’influenza dei fattori chimici-fisici. L’idea di fondo consiste nell’ottenimento di culture algali prive di predatori, tramite metodologie che possano intaccare solamente le diverse specie di rotiferi. Per ogni prova sono state effettuate tre repliche e le analisi eseguite su queste prove sono state: conte al microscopio delle alghe e dei predatori e misura di pH, ossigeno disciolto ed efficienza fotosintetica delle alghe. Le colture algali sono state mantenute in semicontinuo (HRT 7-10 giorni) per 2 HRT dopo la fine della prova per verificare eventuali effetti a lungo termine del trattamento sulla coltura Le anali per il monitoraggio delle prove per valutare la crescita algale sono state: assorbanza (680 nm), PAM (efficienza fotosintetica), conta cellulare e dei rotiferi e misura del pH. I risultati ottenuti in questo lavoro di tesi, mostrano che solamente l’NaOH e l’innalzamento del pH portano alla scomparsa dei rotiferi nella coltura algale e al mantenimento di quest’ultima. Il pH deve arrivare almeno al valore di 11,5 ed essere mantenuto per almeno 2 ore dal trattamento. Non appena il pH ritorna ad un valore più basso i rotiferi tornano a profilare, probabilmente perché quelli che riescono a sopravvivere al trattamento formano delle cisti, forme di resistenza, adattate a condizioni ambientali molto variabili, difficili da rilevare ed eliminare Nella seconda fase del piano sperimentale che ha previsto la valutazione della soglia critica di collasso della coltura algale in presenza di rotiferi, si è potuto osservare che nella prova in cui erano presenti 106 alghe/ml insieme a 300 rotiferi/ml, le alghe si siano mantenute in un buono stato di salute sebbene i rotiferi abbiano inciso sul tasso di crescita delle alghe, per via del loro fabbisogno energetico portandoli ad aumentare. Nella seconda prova con 106 alghe/ml e 100 rotiferi/ml, quest’ultimi non hanno inciso sulla quantità e sullo stato di salute della coltura algale. Quando il pH è aumentato, probabilmente per cause naturali dovute all’ambiente di laboratorio, i rotiferi sono scomparsi. Nell’ultima prova in cui la concentrazione algale partiva da un valore molto basso (104 alghe/ml) in presenza di 150 rotiferi/ml, la coltura algale ha faticato a tornare a valori ottimali per un buono stato di salute. In questa prova si è potuto osservare che la coltura algale contenenti i rotiferi hanno avuto una maggiore facilità nella crescita rispetto a quella in cui erano assenti.
Metodi per il controllo dei predatori nelle colture algali
GHIDOTTI, ANDREA
2025/2026
Abstract
The work described in this thesis was conducted at the University of Milan-Bicocca in collaboration with the Lazzaro Spallanzani Italian Experimental Institute (Quercia, Rivolta d'Adda (CR)). The aim of this thesis was primarily to validate methods for eliminating rotifers in algal cultures without affecting the growth of the algal cultures. Furthermore, the seasonality of these predators within the reactors was evaluated. Finally, the predator-prey dynamics in the cultures were determined by identifying possible critical collapse thresholds and the influence of chemical and physical factors. The underlying idea is to obtain predator-free algal cultures using methods that only affect the different rotifer species. Three replicates were performed for each trial, and the analyses performed included microscopic counts of algae and predators, pH, dissolved oxygen, and photosynthetic efficiency of the algae. The algal cultures were maintained semicontinuously (7-10 days HRT) for 2 hours after the end of the trial to assess any long-term effects of the treatment on the culture. The analyses used to monitor the trials to assess algal growth were: absorbance (680 nm), PAM (photosynthetic efficiency), cell and rotifer counts, and pH measurement. The results obtained in this thesis show that only NaOH and an increase in pH lead to the disappearance of rotifers in the algal culture and the maintenance of the latter. The pH must reach at least 11.5 and be maintained for at least 2 hours after treatment. As soon as the pH returns to a lower value, the rotifers start to profile again, probably because those that manage to survive the treatment form cysts, resistance forms, adapted to very variable environmental conditions, difficult to detect and eliminate. In the second phase of the experimental plan, which involved the evaluation of the critical threshold for the collapse of the algal culture in the presence of rotifers, it was observed that in the test in which 106 algae/ml were present together with 300 rotifers/ml, the algae remained in a good state of health, although the rotifers affected the growth rate of the algae, due to their energy requirements, causing them to increase. In the second test with 106 algae/ml and 100 rotifers/ml, the latter did not affect the quantity and health of the algal culture. When the pH increased, probably due to natural causes resulting from the laboratory environment, the rotifers disappeared. In the last test in which the algal concentration started from a very low value (104 algae/ml) in the presence of 150 rotifers/ml, the algal culture struggled to return to optimal values for a good state health. In this test, it was observed that the algal culture containing rotifers grew more easily than the culture without them.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/36126