Over the past few years, we have seen a gradual evolution in web marketing. More advanced digital strategies have emerged replacing older one-way channels such as television and newspapers. New technologies are capable of profiling users and, by collecting their data and preferences, create personalised communications and real-time offers tailored to users’ needs and desires. In this new context the brand, in addition to its primary function as an indication of origin, has also taken on an additional value: today, a company’s distinctive mark is a useful tool for building its reputation and attracting consumers to purchase its goods and services. As a result of these developments, the importance of online brand visibility has grown significantly, giving rise to certain aggressive commercial practices, in which a third party’s brand reputation is exploited by another company for its own benefit. Often the use of a third party’s trademark crosses the line into unfair competition. The initial research question is whether trademark law is able to find a balance with digital innovation, within the legal framework of the European Union. The balance is between protecting the rights of trademark owners and ensuring free competition in the market and corporate communication This thesis was developed through an analysis of the most significant studies, the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, and European legislation. The first chapter of the thesis analyses the main practices of digital marketing, such as keyword advertising and brand bidding. In this first section, the thesis describes the technical workings and economic objectives behind these online techniques and outlines the contexts in which a company may lawfully use another’s trademark and when it risks causing confusion in the mind of the average consumer. The thesis also demonstrates how the very concept of “use of a trademark in commerce” has been redefined over time. The second chapter outlines the European regulatory framework and identifies how to protect all functions of a trademark: from its role as an identification of origin to its role as a guarantee of quality, an investment and advertising tool. This reconstruction is also carried out through an analysis of certain judgments by European Court and national courts. In the third chapter, the criteria outlined earlier in the thesis are applied to web marketing techniques, with a particular focus on the changing role of digital intermediary platforms. Furthermore, toward the end of this chapter, the new forms of self-protection adopted by companies through the platforms’ new internal systems and non-bidding agreements among companies are analysed. The final chapter of the thesis explores one of the most recent trends on the web: the introduction of generative artificial intelligence. It analyses the ability of these increasingly sophisticated new algorithmic systems to automatically generate new brands for companies, as well as the biases and problems associated with this new activity. Today, the purchasing process is increasingly mediated by virtual assistants and recommendation systems which is why a new term has emerged: the “substitute consumer”. In conclusion, this study confirms the initial research hypothesis: trademark law has never hindered the evolution and innovations of web marketing, but has tried to adapt in order to remain effective for the primary objective of clearly defining the boundary between legal and unlawful competition.
Nel corso degli ultimi anni abbiamo vissuto una progressiva evoluzione del web marketing. Sono nate strategie digitali sempre più sofisticate che hanno sostituito i vecchi canali unidirezionali, come la televisione e la stampa. Le nuove tecnologie sono in grado di profilare gli utenti e attraverso la raccolta dei loro dati e delle preferenze costruiscono una comunicazione personalizzata e offerte in tempo reale in linea con le necessità e i desideri degli utenti. In questa nuova circostanza il marchio, oltre alla funzione primaria di indicazione d’origine, ha assunto anche un ulteriore valore: il segno distintivo per un'impresa è, oggi, uno strumento utile per costruire la propria reputazione e attirare i consumatori a comprare i propri beni e servizi. Da queste novità l’importanza della visibilità del brand online è cresciuta notevolmente e questo ha dato luogo ad alcune dinamiche commerciali aggressive, in cui la reputazione positiva del marchio altrui viene sfruttata a proprio vantaggio da un’altra impresa, spesso l’uso del marchio di terzi sconfina in una dinamica di concorrenza sleale. La domanda di ricerca di partenza per l’elaborazione della presente tesi è se, nel quadro giuridico dell’Unione europea, il diritto dei marchi riesca a trovare un bilanciamento con l’innovazione digitale. L’equilibrio da mantenere è tra la tutela dei diritti dei titolari dei marchi e il mercato della libera concorrenza e comunicazione delle imprese. La tesi si è sviluppata grazie all’analisi degli studi più significativi, la giurisprudenza della Corte di Giustizia dell’Unione Europea e la Normativa europea. Il primo capitolo della tesi analizza le principali pratiche del marketing digitale, come il keyword advertising e il brand bidding. In questo primo punto la tesi descrive il funzionamento tecnico e le finalità economiche dietro a queste tecniche online e inquadra quali sono i contesti in cui un’impresa usa il marchio altrui in modo lecito e quando invece rischia di generare confusione nella mente del consumatore medio. La tesi mostra anche come lo stesso concetto di “uso del marchio nel commercio” subisce una ridefinizione nel tempo. Il secondo capitolo ricostruisce il quadro normativo europeo e individua i criteri fondamentali per tutelare tutte le funzioni del marchio: da quella di indicazione d’origine a quella di garanzia qualitativa, di investimento e pubblicitaria. Questa ricostruzione avviene anche attraverso l’analisi di alcune sentenze della Corte europea e dei tribunali nazionali. Nel terzo capitolo i criteri delineati in precedenza nella tesi vengono applicati alle tecniche di web marketing, esaminando in particolare il cambiamento di ruolo delle piattaforme intermediarie digitali. Inoltre verso la fine di questo capitolo vengono analizzate le nuove forme di autotutela adottate dalle imprese attraverso i nuovi sistemi interni delle piattaforme e gli accordi di non-bidding tra le imprese. L’ultimo capitolo della tesi si cimenta in una delle dinamiche più recenti del web, ovvero l'introduzione dell'intelligenza artificiale generativa. Analizza la capacità di questi nuovi sistemi algoritmici sempre più sofisticati di generare in modo automatico nuovi marchi per le imprese e i bias e i problemi connessi a questa nuova attività. Il processo di acquisto oggi è sempre di più mediato dagli assistenti virtuali e i sistemi di raccomandazione ed è per questo che nasce anche una nuova definizione: il “consumatore sostituito”. In conclusione lo studio fatto conferma l’ipotesi di ricerca iniziale: il diritto dei marchi non ha mai ostacolato l’evoluzione e le innovazioni del web marketing, ma ha cercato di adeguarsi per rimanere efficace per l'obiettivo primario di definire concretamente il confine tra concorrenza lecita e illecita.
Web marketing e diritto dei marchi: i confini della concorrenza digitale
LITURRI, ELISA
2025/2026
Abstract
Over the past few years, we have seen a gradual evolution in web marketing. More advanced digital strategies have emerged replacing older one-way channels such as television and newspapers. New technologies are capable of profiling users and, by collecting their data and preferences, create personalised communications and real-time offers tailored to users’ needs and desires. In this new context the brand, in addition to its primary function as an indication of origin, has also taken on an additional value: today, a company’s distinctive mark is a useful tool for building its reputation and attracting consumers to purchase its goods and services. As a result of these developments, the importance of online brand visibility has grown significantly, giving rise to certain aggressive commercial practices, in which a third party’s brand reputation is exploited by another company for its own benefit. Often the use of a third party’s trademark crosses the line into unfair competition. The initial research question is whether trademark law is able to find a balance with digital innovation, within the legal framework of the European Union. The balance is between protecting the rights of trademark owners and ensuring free competition in the market and corporate communication This thesis was developed through an analysis of the most significant studies, the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, and European legislation. The first chapter of the thesis analyses the main practices of digital marketing, such as keyword advertising and brand bidding. In this first section, the thesis describes the technical workings and economic objectives behind these online techniques and outlines the contexts in which a company may lawfully use another’s trademark and when it risks causing confusion in the mind of the average consumer. The thesis also demonstrates how the very concept of “use of a trademark in commerce” has been redefined over time. The second chapter outlines the European regulatory framework and identifies how to protect all functions of a trademark: from its role as an identification of origin to its role as a guarantee of quality, an investment and advertising tool. This reconstruction is also carried out through an analysis of certain judgments by European Court and national courts. In the third chapter, the criteria outlined earlier in the thesis are applied to web marketing techniques, with a particular focus on the changing role of digital intermediary platforms. Furthermore, toward the end of this chapter, the new forms of self-protection adopted by companies through the platforms’ new internal systems and non-bidding agreements among companies are analysed. The final chapter of the thesis explores one of the most recent trends on the web: the introduction of generative artificial intelligence. It analyses the ability of these increasingly sophisticated new algorithmic systems to automatically generate new brands for companies, as well as the biases and problems associated with this new activity. Today, the purchasing process is increasingly mediated by virtual assistants and recommendation systems which is why a new term has emerged: the “substitute consumer”. In conclusion, this study confirms the initial research hypothesis: trademark law has never hindered the evolution and innovations of web marketing, but has tried to adapt in order to remain effective for the primary objective of clearly defining the boundary between legal and unlawful competition.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/37103