This thesis presents the development and system-level application of a physics-based model of a silicon Micro-Ring Modulator (MRM) for high-speed Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM4) optical communication. The work is structured around the characterization of a reference MRM-based transmitter, the development and validation of an independent MATLAB model, and its integration into a complete optical-link simulation. \\ The reference transmitter is characterized in Ansys Lumerical INTERCONNECT by investigating the effects of transmitter bandwidth, equalization, nonlinear pre-distortion, and Relative Intensity Noise (RIN). The transmitter performance is evaluated using PAM4 eye diagrams and the main optical transmitter metrics, namely Optical Modulation Amplitude (OMA), Extinction Ratio (ER), and Transmitter and Dispersion Eye Closure Quaternary (TDECQ). The analysis identifies the main factors affecting the quality of the generated optical waveform and provides the reference behavior for the subsequent modeling stage. A physics-based MRM model is then developed in MATLAB from the steady-state and dynamic behavior of the ring resonator. The model is implemented in the time domain and parameterized in terms of physical and device-level quantities. Its behavior is validated against the corresponding INTERCONNECT implementation under different transmitter bandwidths and compensation configurations. The comparison shows that the proposed model reproduces the main PAM4 eye structure and captures the effects associated with bandwidth limitations and transmitter compensation. The validated model is finally integrated into a Simulink-based end-to-end optical link operating at a nominal data rate of 112 Gb/s using PAM4 modulation. The system includes the optical channel, photodetector, Trans-Impedance Amplifier (TIA), and receiver processing. Three Insertion Loss (IL) conditions, namely 8.0, 16.2, and 22.2 dB, are considered, and the resulting Bit Error Rate (BER) is evaluated as a function of the transmitter OMA. The analysis also investigates the impact of TIA input-referred noise on link performance and compares the obtained results with published high-speed PAM4 results. Overall, the framework developed provides a connection between transmitter-level MRM characterization, physics-based device modeling, and system-level optical-link analysis. The results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model to the simulation of high-speed optical links and provide a basis for further investigations of MRM-based systems.
Questa tesi presenta lo sviluppo e l'applicazione a livello di sistema di un modello basato sulla fisica di un Micro-Ring Modulator (MRM) in silicio per comunicazioni ottiche PAM4 ad alta velocità. Il lavoro è strutturato attorno alla caratterizzazione di un trasmettitore MRM di riferimento, allo sviluppo e alla validazione di un modello MATLAB indipendente e alla sua integrazione in una simulazione completa del collegamento ottico. Il trasmettitore di riferimento viene caratterizzato in Ansys Lumerical INTERCONNECT, analizzando gli effetti della banda, dell'equalizzazione TX-FIR, della pre-distorsione non lineare e del Relative Intensity Noise (RIN). Le prestazioni sono valutate mediante diagrammi ad occhio PAM4 e le principali metriche ottiche, ovvero Optical Modulation Amplitude (OMA), Extinction Ratio (ER) e Transmitter and Dispersion Eye Closure Quaternary (TDECQ). L'analisi identifica i principali fattori che influenzano la qualità della forma d'onda e definisce il riferimento per la successiva modellazione. Viene quindi sviluppato in MATLAB un modello fisico dell'MRM, basato sul comportamento a regime e dinamico del risonatore ad anello e implementato nel dominio del tempo. Il modello viene validato rispetto all'implementazione in INTERCONNECT considerando differenti bande del trasmettitore e configurazioni di compensazione. Il confronto mostra una buona corrispondenza nella struttura dell'occhio PAM4 e negli effetti delle limitazioni di banda e delle tecniche di compensazione. Il modello validato viene infine integrato in un collegamento ottico end-to-end basato su Simulink, operante a una velocità nominale di 112 Gb/s con modulazione PAM4. Il sistema comprende il canale ottico, il fotodetettore, l'amplificatore a transimpedenza e l'elaborazione del segnale nel ricevitore. Vengono considerate tre condizioni di perdita di inserzione, pari a 8.0, 16.2 e 22.2 dB, e il Bit Error Rate (BER) risultante viene valutato in funzione dell'OMA del trasmettitore. L'analisi considera inoltre l'impatto del rumore riferito all'ingresso del TIA sulle prestazioni del collegamento e confronta i risultati ottenuti con risultati pubblicati relativi a collegamenti PAM4 ad alta velocità. Nel complesso, il flusso di modellazione sviluppato collega la caratterizzazione dell'MRM a livello di trasmettitore, la modellazione fisica del dispositivo e l'analisi a livello di sistema del collegamento ottico. I risultati dimostrano l'applicabilità del modello proposto alla simulazione di collegamenti ottici ad alta velocità e forniscono una base per ulteriori analisi di sistemi basati su MRM.
MODELLIZZAZIONE DI MODULATORI MICRO-RING PER APPLICAZIONI OTTICHE IN AMBITO SERDES
GRASSELLI, CHIARA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis presents the development and system-level application of a physics-based model of a silicon Micro-Ring Modulator (MRM) for high-speed Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM4) optical communication. The work is structured around the characterization of a reference MRM-based transmitter, the development and validation of an independent MATLAB model, and its integration into a complete optical-link simulation. \\ The reference transmitter is characterized in Ansys Lumerical INTERCONNECT by investigating the effects of transmitter bandwidth, equalization, nonlinear pre-distortion, and Relative Intensity Noise (RIN). The transmitter performance is evaluated using PAM4 eye diagrams and the main optical transmitter metrics, namely Optical Modulation Amplitude (OMA), Extinction Ratio (ER), and Transmitter and Dispersion Eye Closure Quaternary (TDECQ). The analysis identifies the main factors affecting the quality of the generated optical waveform and provides the reference behavior for the subsequent modeling stage. A physics-based MRM model is then developed in MATLAB from the steady-state and dynamic behavior of the ring resonator. The model is implemented in the time domain and parameterized in terms of physical and device-level quantities. Its behavior is validated against the corresponding INTERCONNECT implementation under different transmitter bandwidths and compensation configurations. The comparison shows that the proposed model reproduces the main PAM4 eye structure and captures the effects associated with bandwidth limitations and transmitter compensation. The validated model is finally integrated into a Simulink-based end-to-end optical link operating at a nominal data rate of 112 Gb/s using PAM4 modulation. The system includes the optical channel, photodetector, Trans-Impedance Amplifier (TIA), and receiver processing. Three Insertion Loss (IL) conditions, namely 8.0, 16.2, and 22.2 dB, are considered, and the resulting Bit Error Rate (BER) is evaluated as a function of the transmitter OMA. The analysis also investigates the impact of TIA input-referred noise on link performance and compares the obtained results with published high-speed PAM4 results. Overall, the framework developed provides a connection between transmitter-level MRM characterization, physics-based device modeling, and system-level optical-link analysis. The results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model to the simulation of high-speed optical links and provide a basis for further investigations of MRM-based systems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/37243