Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles ranging in size from a few nanometers to several micrometers, released by cells into the extracellular environment. Owing to their ability to transport bioactive molecules and to reflect the physiological state of their cell of origin, they represent biomarkers of increasing interest in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, their isolation and manipulation remain challenging, requiring efficient, rapid, and scalable techniques. In this context, microfluidics emerges as a field devoted to the manipulation of extremely small volumes of fluid, typically ranging from 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻¹² liters, within microchannels with dimensions on the order of tens to hundreds of micrometers. This technology enables operation with minimal amounts of sample and reagents, while ensuring high sensitivity and resolution in separation and analysis processes, as well as reduced processing times and costs. Within this domain, Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) devices represent a particularly promising solution for integrating separation, manipulation, and analysis functions at the micro- and nanoscale. In particular, passive approaches based on inertial microfluidics exploit the interaction between viscous and inertial effects of the fluid at intermediate Reynolds numbers, generating hydrodynamic forces that induce lateral migration and particle focusing phenomena. This allows continuous and efficient separation processes without the need for externally applied fields. [2] In light of these considerations, this thesis work was carried out in collaboration with the National Research Council – NANOTEC of Lecce, the Polytechnic University of Bari, and the University of Pavia, with the aim of designing a passive Lab-on-a-Chip device for extracellular vesicle focusing. The objective is to exploit inertial lift forces and the influence of microchannel geometry to achieve the alignment of initially randomly distributed particles along specific flow trajectories, while ensuring high performance. The study was conducted through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, performed using ANSYS Fluent, in order to analyze particle behavior within the device and identify the most favorable operating conditions for focusing. The three-dimensional LOC model was developed in a CAD environment (Fusion 360®, Autodesk®) and used to evaluate and optimize the fluid dynamic performance of the system. Following preliminary numerical validation, the optimized configuration was fabricated by micromilling (Minitech Mini-Mill/GX), using G-code generated from the CAD model.
Le vescicole extracellulari (VEs) sono particelle di dimensioni comprese tra pochi nanometri e alcuni micrometri, rilasciate dalle cellule nell’ambiente extracellulare. Grazie alla loro capacità di trasportare molecole bioattive e di riflettere lo stato fisiologico della cellula di origine, rappresentano biomarcatori di crescente interesse in ambito diagnostico e terapeutico. Tuttavia, il loro isolamento e la loro manipolazione risultano ancora complessi, richiedendo tecniche efficienti, rapide e scalabili. In questo scenario si inserisce la microfluidica, disciplina che studia la manipolazione di volumi estremamente ridotti di fluido, tipicamente compresi tra 10⁻⁶ e 10⁻¹² litri, all’interno di microcanali con dimensioni dell’ordine delle decine o centinaia di micrometri. Tale tecnologia consente di operare con quantità minime di campione e reagenti, garantendo al contempo elevata sensibilità e risoluzione nelle operazioni di separazione e analisi, oltre a tempi di processo ridotti e costi contenuti. All’interno di questo ambito, i dispositivi Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) rappresentano una soluzione particolarmente promettente per l’integrazione di funzioni di separazione, manipolazione e analisi su scala micro e nanometrica. In particolare, gli approcci passivi basati sulla microfluidica inerziale sfruttano l’interazione tra effetti viscosi e inerziali del fluido in regime di Reynolds intermedio, generando forze idrodinamiche che inducono fenomeni di migrazione laterale e focalizzazione delle particelle. Ciò consente di ottenere processi di separazione continui ed efficienti senza l’utilizzo di campi esterni applicati. [2] Alla luce di queste considerazioni, il presente lavoro di tesi è stato condotto in collaborazione con il CNR NANOTEC di Lecce, il Politecnico di Bari e l’Università degli Studi di Pavia e si propone di progettare un dispositivo Lab-on-a-Chip passivo per la focalizzazione di vescicole extracellulari. L’obiettivo è utilizzare le forze di sollevamento inerziale e l’influenza della geometria del microcanale per ottenere l’allineamento di particelle inizialmente distribuite in modo casuale lungo specifiche traiettorie di flusso, garantendo al contempo prestazioni elevate. Lo studio è stato condotto mediante simulazioni fluidodinamiche numeriche, eseguite tramite ANSYS Fluent, al fine di analizzare il comportamento delle particelle all’interno del dispositivo e individuare le condizioni operative più favorevoli alla focalizzazione. Il modello tridimensionale del LOC è stato sviluppato mediante ambiente CAD (Fusion 360®, Autodesk®) e utilizzato per valutare e ottimizzare le prestazioni fluidodinamiche del sistema. A seguito della validazione numerica preliminare, la configurazione ottimizzata è stata realizzata mediante microfresatura (Minitech Mini-Mill/GX), utilizzando il G-code generato a partire dal modello CAD.
Progettazione e analisi numerica di un dispositivo microfluidico per la focalizzazione di vescicole extracellulari
DIBENEDETTO, VALENTINA
2024/2025
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles ranging in size from a few nanometers to several micrometers, released by cells into the extracellular environment. Owing to their ability to transport bioactive molecules and to reflect the physiological state of their cell of origin, they represent biomarkers of increasing interest in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, their isolation and manipulation remain challenging, requiring efficient, rapid, and scalable techniques. In this context, microfluidics emerges as a field devoted to the manipulation of extremely small volumes of fluid, typically ranging from 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻¹² liters, within microchannels with dimensions on the order of tens to hundreds of micrometers. This technology enables operation with minimal amounts of sample and reagents, while ensuring high sensitivity and resolution in separation and analysis processes, as well as reduced processing times and costs. Within this domain, Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) devices represent a particularly promising solution for integrating separation, manipulation, and analysis functions at the micro- and nanoscale. In particular, passive approaches based on inertial microfluidics exploit the interaction between viscous and inertial effects of the fluid at intermediate Reynolds numbers, generating hydrodynamic forces that induce lateral migration and particle focusing phenomena. This allows continuous and efficient separation processes without the need for externally applied fields. [2] In light of these considerations, this thesis work was carried out in collaboration with the National Research Council – NANOTEC of Lecce, the Polytechnic University of Bari, and the University of Pavia, with the aim of designing a passive Lab-on-a-Chip device for extracellular vesicle focusing. The objective is to exploit inertial lift forces and the influence of microchannel geometry to achieve the alignment of initially randomly distributed particles along specific flow trajectories, while ensuring high performance. The study was conducted through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, performed using ANSYS Fluent, in order to analyze particle behavior within the device and identify the most favorable operating conditions for focusing. The three-dimensional LOC model was developed in a CAD environment (Fusion 360®, Autodesk®) and used to evaluate and optimize the fluid dynamic performance of the system. Following preliminary numerical validation, the optimized configuration was fabricated by micromilling (Minitech Mini-Mill/GX), using G-code generated from the CAD model.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/34964