This thesis focused on the experimental validation of two microwave sensors, a Complementary Split-Ring Resonator (CSRR) and a patch antenna, developed and fabricated by the Electromagnetic Fields Research Group at the University of Bologna, for the non-invasive monitoring of tissue hydration using stratified tissue-mimicking phantoms. The phantoms were designed to mimic the dielectric properties of biological tissues under different simulated hydration conditions. The model consisted of a skin layer of varying thickness, an adipose layer, and six deep phantom formulations (G6.8O20–G6.8O70) with decreasing water content. This configuration made it possible to obtain a controlled dielectric scale and to evaluate the influence of the superficial layers and the deep volume on the sensor responses. Dielectric characterization revealed a progressive decrease in dielectric properties from O20 to O70 and good reproducibility of the formulations. Experimental measurements also showed that both sensors were affected by skin thickness. As skin thickness increased, the resonance frequency tended to decrease, in qualitative agreement with the simulations, with a more pronounced variation over the first few millimeters for the CSRR and a more regular trend for the patch antenna. The comparison between the deep phantom formulations showed that the CSRR did not allow stable discrimination among the O20–O70 phantoms, whereas the patch antenna exhibited greater sensitivity to the underlying volume. With a 2 mm skin layer, the resonance frequency of the patch antenna increased overall from approximately 1.928 to 1.949 GHz as the water fraction decreased. However, the differences between neighboring formulations were often comparable to the dispersion of repeated measurements, limiting robust discrimination based solely on resonance frequency. Overall, the results highlight the complementary characteristics of the two sensors and provide a foundation for the development of more robust analysis methods aimed at distinguishing the contribution of the superficial layers from that of the deep volume, with the long-term objective of improving the non-invasive monitoring of tissue hydration.
Il presente lavoro di tesi ha riguardato la validazione sperimentale di due sensori a microonde, un Complementary Split-Ring Resonator (CSRR) e un’antenna patch, sviluppati e realizzati dal gruppo di Campi Elettromagnetici dell’Università di Bologna, per il monitoraggio non invasivo dell’idratazione tissutale mediante phantom tissue-mimicking stratificati. I phantom sono stati progettati per emulare le proprietà dielettriche dei tessuti biologici in differenti condizioni simulate di idratazione. Il modello comprendeva uno strato cutaneo di diverso spessore, uno strato adiposo e sei formulazioni profonde G6.8O20 G6.8O70 a contenuto acquoso decrescente. Questa configurazione ha permesso di ottenere una scala dielettrica controllata e di valutare l’influenza degli strati superficiali e del volume profondo sulla risposta dei sensori. La caratterizzazione dielettrica ha evidenziato una progressiva riduzione delle proprietà dielettriche da O20 a O70 e una buona riproducibilità delle formulazioni. Le misure sperimentali hanno inoltre mostrato che entrambi i sensori sono influenzati dallo spessore cutaneo. All’aumentare dello spessore, la frequenza di risonanza tende a diminuire, in accordo qualitativo con le simulazioni, con una variazione più marcata nei primi millimetri per il CSRR e un andamento più regolare per la patch. Il confronto tra le formulazioni profonde ha evidenziato che il CSRR non consente una discriminazione stabile dei phantom O20–O70, mentre l’antenna patch mostra una maggiore sensibilità al volume sottostante. Con pelle di 2 mm, la frequenza di risonanza della patch aumenta complessivamente da circa 1,928 a 1,949 GHz al diminuire della frazione acquosa. Tuttavia, le differenze tra formulazioni vicine rimangono spesso confrontabili con la dispersione delle misure ripetute, limitando una discriminazione robusta basata sulla sola frequenza di risonanza. Nel complesso, i risultati evidenziano la complementarità dei due sensori e costituiscono una base per lo sviluppo di metodi di analisi più robusti, finalizzati a distinguere il contributo degli strati superficiali da quello del volume profondo con l’obiettivo, in futuro, di migliorare il monitoraggio non invasivo dell’idratazione tissutale.
VALIDAZIONE DI SENSORI A MICROONDE PER IL MONITORAGGIO NON INVASIVO DELL’IDRATAZIONE MEDIANTE PHANTOM TISSUE-MIMICKING STRATIFICATI
PARAZZINI, AURORA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis focused on the experimental validation of two microwave sensors, a Complementary Split-Ring Resonator (CSRR) and a patch antenna, developed and fabricated by the Electromagnetic Fields Research Group at the University of Bologna, for the non-invasive monitoring of tissue hydration using stratified tissue-mimicking phantoms. The phantoms were designed to mimic the dielectric properties of biological tissues under different simulated hydration conditions. The model consisted of a skin layer of varying thickness, an adipose layer, and six deep phantom formulations (G6.8O20–G6.8O70) with decreasing water content. This configuration made it possible to obtain a controlled dielectric scale and to evaluate the influence of the superficial layers and the deep volume on the sensor responses. Dielectric characterization revealed a progressive decrease in dielectric properties from O20 to O70 and good reproducibility of the formulations. Experimental measurements also showed that both sensors were affected by skin thickness. As skin thickness increased, the resonance frequency tended to decrease, in qualitative agreement with the simulations, with a more pronounced variation over the first few millimeters for the CSRR and a more regular trend for the patch antenna. The comparison between the deep phantom formulations showed that the CSRR did not allow stable discrimination among the O20–O70 phantoms, whereas the patch antenna exhibited greater sensitivity to the underlying volume. With a 2 mm skin layer, the resonance frequency of the patch antenna increased overall from approximately 1.928 to 1.949 GHz as the water fraction decreased. However, the differences between neighboring formulations were often comparable to the dispersion of repeated measurements, limiting robust discrimination based solely on resonance frequency. Overall, the results highlight the complementary characteristics of the two sensors and provide a foundation for the development of more robust analysis methods aimed at distinguishing the contribution of the superficial layers from that of the deep volume, with the long-term objective of improving the non-invasive monitoring of tissue hydration.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14239/37274